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Lab Notes: Guide to Lab & Diagnostic Tests
Viral Load (Plasma Viral Load, PVL)
Table of Contents
Free Topics
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Albumin Cobalt Binding Test (ACB Test) (Ischemia-modified Albumin [IMA])
Allergy Testing, Serum (Total Immunoglobulin E; Total IgE)
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, a-Fetoprotein)
Antibodies, Auto
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
CA 15-3
FrontMatter
General Pretest Preparation
Informed Consent
Random Urine Collection
Skin Puncture
Urine Collection from a Closed Urinary Drainage System
Venipuncture Using a Syringe
1. Basics
Collecting Stool Specimens
Collecting Stool Specimens
Screening Test for Fecal Occult Blood (FOB)
General Pretest Preparation
Informed Consent
Obtaining a Blood Sample
Obtaining a Blood Sample
Tube Top Colors
Venipuncture Procedure
Obtaining Specimens
Other Venipuncture Methods
Obtaining Blood Cultures
Other Venipuncture Methods
Skin Puncture
Troubleshooting: Blood Specimen Hemolysis
Venipuncture Using a Syringe
Venipuncture Using an IV Infusion Set (Butterfly)
Reference Ranges Explained
Respiratory Secretions Collection
Nasopharyngeal or Oropharyngeal Secretions
Respiratory Secretions Collection
Sputum Sample
Wound Culture and Sensitivity
Safety Issues
Urine Sample Collection
Clean Catch Midstream Urine Collection
Random Urine Collection
Timed Urine Specimen Collection (2-, 6-, 12-, or 24-Hr Urine)
Urine Collection from a Closed Urinary Drainage System
Urine Sample Collection
2. Labs
17-Ketosteroids (17-Ketogenic Steroids, 17-KGS, Corticosteroids)
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)
5-Nucleotidase
A1C
Acetylcholine Receptor Binding Autoantibody (ACRA)
Acid Phosphatase (ACP; Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, PAP)
Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) Stain
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
ACTH Stimulation Test (Cosyntropin Stimulation Test)
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Activated Protein C Resistance
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Albumin Cobalt Binding Test (ACB Test) (Ischemia-modified Albumin
Aldosterone, Serum
Aldosterone, Urine
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP, AP)
Allergy Testing, Serum (Total Immunoglobulin E; Total IgE)
Allergy Testing, Skin
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, a-Fetoprotein)
Ammonia
Amylase, Serum
Anion Gap (AG)
Antibodies, Auto
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); ADH Suppression Test
Antistreptolysin O/Antistreptococcal O Titer (ASO)
Apolipoproteins
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Bence Jones Protein (Immunofixation [IFE], Protein Electrophoresis)
Bilirubin, Total, Direct, Indirect
Bilirubin, Urine
Bleeding Time
Blood Cultures
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
B-type Natriuretic Peptide
C. difficile toxin (Pseudomembranous Colitis Toxic Assay)
CA 125
CA 15-3
CA 19-9
Calcitonin
Calcium, Ionized
Calcium, Total
Carbon Dioxide Content (CO(2))
Carbon Monoxide (Carboxyhemoglobin)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Cardiac Biomarkers
Catecholamines and Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
CD4/CD8 Ratio
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis (CSF Analysis)
Chlamydia Group Antibody
Chloride (Cl)
Cholesterol, Total; High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL,
Coagulation Factors
Cold Agglutinin Titer
Complement C3 and C4
Complement, Total (CH50, CH100)
Complete Blood Count with Differential (CBC with Diff:) Red Blood
Coombs' Test, Direct (Direct Antiglobulin)
Coombs' Test, Indirect (Indirect Antiglobulin, Autoantibody Test)
Cortisol, Free
Cortisol, Plasma
C-reactive Protein (CRP); High-sensitivity CRP (hs CRP)
Creatinine Clearance
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK, Creatine Kinase, CK); CPK Isoenzymes
Creatinine, Serum
Creatinine, Urine
Cryoglobulins
Cystatin C
Cystine, Urine
Cytochrome P450 Genotyping
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibodies
D-dimers
Dexamethasone Suppression Test
Drug Levels, Therapeutic and Toxic
Electrolytes, Serum
Electrolytes, Urine
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Estradiol, Serum (Estrogen Fraction)
Ethanol (blood alcohol)
Fatty Acids, Free, Serum
Febrile Agglutinin Titer
Fecal Fats (Fecal Lipids)
Fecal Occult Blood (FOB, Stool for Occult Blood)
Ferritin
Fibrin Split Products (Fibrin Degradation Products, FDP, FSP)
Fibrinogen
Folic Acid (Folate)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Fructosamine
Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT, SGGT)
Gastrin
Glucagon
Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral
Glucose, Fasting
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) Screening Test and
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C, GHb, Glycohemoglobin, HBA(1))
Growth Hormone (GH, Human Growth Hormone [HGH], Somatotropin
Haptoglobin
Helicobacter pylori Antibody Titers
Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hemoglobinopathy Profile)
Hepatitis Testing
Hexosaminidase, Total, A, A and B (Hex A)
High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HIV Testing
Homocysteine
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Serum
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
Immunoglobulins
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Iron Tests (Serum Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity, Serum
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD, LDH), LDH Isoenzymes
Lactic Acid (Lactate)
Lead
Legionnaire's Antibody Test
Lipase
Lipoproteins
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Lyme Disease Antibody
Lymphocyte Assay (CD4 marker, CD4/CD8 Ratio)
Magnesium, Serum
Methemoglobin
Microalbumin (MA, Urine Albumin, Albumin to Creatinine Ratio)
Myoglobin, Serum
Myoglobin, Urine
Osmolality, Serum
Osmolality, Urine
Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone, PTH)
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Parvovirus B19 Antibody
Phenylketonuria Test (PKU Test, Guthrie Test)
Phosphorus, Serum (Phosphate, PO(4))
Plasminogen
Platelet Antibodies (Antiplatelet Antibodies)
Platelets
Porphyrins, Blood
Porphyrins, Urine
Potassium, Serum (K[+])
Prealbumin
Progesterone
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Protein Electrophoresis
Protein, Urine
Prothrombin Time (PT); International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Renin (Plasma Renin Activity)
Reticulocyte Count
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Rotavirus Antigen
SARS CoV, Serum
Sedimentation Rate (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR)
Sickle Cell Screening Test
Sodium, Serum
Sodium, Urine
Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C and S and Gram Stain)
Stool Culture (Stool for C and S, Stool for Ova and Parasites [o
Sweat Electrolytes
T(3) Radioimmunoassay (Triiodothyronine)
T(3) Resin Uptake (T(3)RU, RT(3)U, Resin T(3) Uptake)
T(4), Free (Free Thyroxine)
T(4), Total (Thyroxine Screen)
Testosterone
Throat and Nares Culture
Thyroid Antibodies (Antithyroglobulin Antibody and Antimicrosomal
Thyroid Function Tests
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
TORCH Screen (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Viruses)
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Troponins (TnI, TnT)
Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, AFB Smear)
Tumor Necrosis Factor- Alpha (TNF-Alpha, Cachectin)
Types of Anemia
Understanding and Analyzing ABG Results
Uric Acid, Serum
Uric Acid, Urine
Urinalysis (UA)
Urine Culture and Sensitivity (Urine C and S)
Urobilinogen
VDRL (Venereal Diagnosis Research Laboratory; Rapid Plasma Reagin,
Viral Culture
Viral Load (Plasma Viral Load, PVL)
Vitamin B(12)
West Nile Virus
White Blood Cell Count and Differential
Wound Culture
Xylose Tolerance
Zinc
3. X-Rays
Contrast-Mediated X-Rays
Antegrade Pyelogram Procedure and Care - Pyelogram, Antegrade and Retrograde
Arteriogram (Angiogram, Arteriography)
Arthrography
Barium Enema (BE)
Barium Swallow
Contrast Agents
Contrast Reaction Prevention Strategies
Contrast-Mediated X-Rays
Cystography (Cystourethrogram, Voiding Cystourethrogram, Cystogram)
Enteroclysis (Small Bowel Enema)
Hysterosalpingogram
Myelogram
Operative or T-Tube Cholangiogram
Oral Cholecystogram (OCG)
Osmolality and Adverse Reactions
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram (PTC)
PTC Approach
Pyelogram, Antegrade and Retrograde
Pyelogram, Intravenous (IVP; Excretory Urogram, EU, ExU)
Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) - Contrast Reaction Prevention Strategies
Retrograde Pyelogram Procedure and Care - Pyelogram, Antegrade and Retrograde
Risk Factors for Adverse Reactions to Contrast
Upper GI Series (UGI)
Venogram, Lower Extremity
General Description and Process
Anterior Oblique Positions
Anterior-Posterior Position (AP)
Basic Positions for X-rays
General Description and Process
Lateral Positions
Posterior Oblique Positions
Posterior-Anterior Position
Radiodensity
Terms
Plain X-Rays
Abdominal X-ray
Bone Densitometry (Bone Mineral Density, BMD; DEXA Scan)
Bone X-rays (Clavicle, Scapula, Foot, Hand, Toe, Finger, Mandible)
Chest X-ray
Chest X-Ray with Anatomical Landmarks
General Patient Preparation for Plain X-rays
Joint X-rays
Long Bone X-rays
Mammography
Obstruction Series
Orbital X-rays
Paranasal Sinuses X-rays
Plain X-Rays
Skull X-rays
Spinal X-rays
4. CT/MRI/US
Computed Tomography (CT Scans)
Abdominal/Pelvic CT
Angiogram, CT (CTA)
Body CT Scan, Whole
Brain CT
Chest CT
Computed Tomography (CT Scans)
CT Scans with Contrast Media
Exterior of a CT Scanner
How CT Scans Work
Interior of a CT Scanner
New Technology: CT Cerebral Perfusion Imaging
Overview of CT Scanning
Patient Preparation for CT Scan
Radiation Exposure During CT Scans
Skeletal CT (Bones or Joints)
Spinal CT
Echocardiograms
Contrast
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiogram (DSE)
Echocardiograms
Overview
Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
Transthoracic Echocardiogram
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Endobronchial Ultrasound (Ebus)
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Overview - Endoscopic Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Adrenal, Biliary, Brain, Chest, Kidney, Liver, Musculoskeletal,chr(133)
Example of an MRI Image
How MRI Works
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI Contrast
MRI Scans - Adrenal, Biliary, Brain, Chest, Kidney, Liver, Musculoskeletal,chr(133)
Overview of MRI
Posttest Care After MRI
Pretest Patient Preparation for MRI
Procedure for MRI
Safety Issues Associated with MRI
Other Ultrasound Studies
Bladder, Breast, Kidney, Liver/Biliary, Musculoskeletal, Obstetric,chr(133)
Bladder, Breast, Kidney, Liver/Biliary, Musculoskeletal, Obstetric,chr(133) - Common Ultrasound Tests
Other Ultrasound Studies
Ultrasound (US)
How Ultrasound Works
Overview of Ultrasound Imaging
Posttest Care After Ultrasound Tests
Pretest Preparation for Ultrasound Tests
Procedure for Ultrasound Tests
Ultrasound (US)
Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Doppler Ultrasound, Duplex Scan)
Carotid Duplex Scan
Carotid, Arterial, or Venous Duplex Scan
Overview
Vascular Duplex Scans - Carotid, Arterial, or Venous Duplex Scan
Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Doppler Ultrasound, Duplex Scan)
5. Nuclear Scans
Bone Scan (Whole Body Bone Scan)
Brain PET (Positron Emission Tomography of the Brain, FDG Brain Scan)
Brain SPECT Scan (Brain Perfusion Study)
Gallium Scan
Gastric Emptying Scan
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan (Abdominal or GI Scintigram, Tagged
How Nuclear Scans Show Disease
Liver/Spleen Scan
Lung Scan (V/Q Scan, Ventilation and Perfusion Lung Scans)
Multigated Blood Pool Imaging (MUGA Scan, Cardiac Blood Pool Scan,
Myocardial Perfusion Scan (Stress Thallium Scan, Sestamibi Scan,
Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques
Overview of Nuclear Medicine Scans
Renogram and Renal Perfusion Scan (Furosemide Renal Scan, Captopril
Cardiac Scans
Endocrine Scans
GI and Hepatobiliary Scans
Other Nuclear Scans
Renogram and Renal Perfusion Scan (Furosemide Renal Scan, Captopril Renal Scan, Renal Scintigraphy)
Tumor/Infection
Safety Issues with Nuclear Scans
6. Other Tests
Other Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Tests
Other Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
7. Tools
Abbreviations Used in Lab Results
Adult Complete Blood Count with WBC Differential (CBC with Diff)
Adult Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
Basic Metabolic Panel
Biochemical Testing
Carrier Testing
Changes in Lab Values in Older Adults
Coagulation Profile
Cytogenetic Testing
Genetic Testing
How Genetic Tests Are Performed
Indications for Genetic Testing
Molecular Testing
Myocardial Infarction (MI) Profile
Neonatal Complete Blood Count with WBC Differential (CBC with Diff)
Neonatal Metabolic Panel
Newborn Screening
Normal Flora
Normal Flora
Normal Genitourinary Flora
Normal Respiratory Flora
Normal Skin Flora
Pharmacogenetic Testing
Predictive Screening
Results of Genetic Testing
Reusable Lab Test Results Forms
ABG Results
Bibliography
Blood Chemistry Screen/Metabolic Panel
Cardiac Biomarkers
Coagulation Profile
Hematology Panel
Illustration Credits
Quick ABG Interpretation - ABG Results
Reusable Lab Test Results Forms
Front Matter
Lab Tests and Diagnostics for Common Symptoms, Diseases, and
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