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Fluids and Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy
How the Nephron Regulates Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Table of Contents
Free Topics
About
Acute Pancreatitis
Balancing Acids and Bases
Balancing Electrolytes
Balancing Fluids
Box - How Medications Affect Nephron Activity
Box - Medications Associated with Hyponatremia
Burns
Excessive GI Fluid Loss
Flowchart - Regulating Sodium and Water
Flowchart - What Happens in SIADH
Heat-Related Health Alterations
When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
When Chloride Tips the Balance
When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
I. Balancing Basics
1. Balancing Fluids
1. Balancing Fluids
B - 01-01. Sites Involved in Fluid Loss
B - 01-02. Fluid Compartments
B - 01-03. The Evaporation of Time
B - 01-04. Understanding Isotonic Fluids
B - 01-05. Understanding Hypotonic Fluids
B - 01-06. Understanding Hypertonic Fluids
B - 01-07. Fluid Tips
B - 01-08. Understanding Diffusion
B - 01-09. Understanding Active Transport
B - 01-10. Understanding Osmosis
B - 01-11. Fluid Movement through Capillaries
B - 01-12. Albumin Magnetism
B - 01-13. The Higher the Rate, the Greater the Waste
B - 01-14. How Antidiuretic Hormone Works
B - 01-15. Aldosterone Production
B - 01-16. How Aldosterone Works
B - 01-17. How Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Works
B - 01-18. Dehydration in Older Adults
B - 01-19. Balancing Fluids Review
2. Balancing Electrolytes
2. Balancing Electrolytes
B - 02-01. Looking on the Plus and Minus Sides
B - 02-02. Understanding Electrolytes
B - 02-03. Interpreting Serum Electrolyte Test Results
B - 02-04. Documenting Electrolyte Imbalances
B - 02-05. Who's at Risk?
B - 02-06. How the Nephron Regulates Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
B - 02-07. How Medications Affect Nephron Activity
B - 02-08. IV Fluid Components
B - 02-09. COVID-19
B - 02-10. Balancing Electrolytes Review
3. Balancing Acids and Bases
3. Balancing Acids and Bases
B - 03-01. Understanding Normal pH
B - 03-02. Understanding Acidosis
B - 03-03. Understanding Alkalosis
B - 03-04. Carbon Dioxide and Hyperventilation
B - 03-05. Acid-Base Balance Across the Life Span
B - 03-06. Taking an ABG Sample
B - 03-07. Quick Look at ABG Results
B - 03-08. Inaccurate ABG Results
B - 03-09. Crossing the Great Anion Gap
B - 03-10. Acid-Base Imbalances and COVID-19
B - 03-11. Balancing Acids and Bases Review
II. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
10. When Chloride Tips the Balance
10. When Chloride Tips the Balance
B - 10-01. Dietary Sources of Chloride
B - 10-02. Chloride and Bicarbonate
B - 10-03. Dangerous Development
B - 10-04. Hypochloremic Alkalosis in Infants
B - 10-05. Medications Associated with Hypochloremia
B - 10-06. Danger Signs of Hypochloremia
B - 10-07. When Treatment Doesn't Work
B - 10-08. Teaching About Hypochloremia
B - 10-09. Documenting Hypochloremia
B - 10-10. Medications Associated with Hyperchloremia
B - 10-11. Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis
B - 10-12. Diuretics to the Rescue
B - 10-13. Teaching About Hyperchloremia
B - 10-14. Documenting Hyperchloremia
B - 10-15. Chloride Imbalances Review
B - 10-16. COVID-19 and Chloride Considerations: When Cleaning Solutions Could Be Harmful
11. When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
11. When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
B - 11-01. The Abcs of Abgs
B - 11-02. What Happens in Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-03. Medications Associated with Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-04. Infants and Acidosis
B - 11-05. Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-06. ABG Results in Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-07. Teaching About Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-08. Documenting Respiratory Acidosis
B - 11-09. Medications Associated with Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-10. What Happens in Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-11. Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-12. ABG Results in Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-13. Teaching About Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-14. Documenting Respiratory Alkalosis
B - 11-15. What Happens in Metabolic Acidosis
B - 11-16. Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis
B - 11-17. ABG Results in Metabolic Acidosis
B - 11-18. A Look at Lactic Acidosis
B - 11-19. Acidosis and Dopamine
B - 11-20. Teaching About Metabolic Acidosis
B - 11-21. Documenting Metabolic Acidosis
B - 11-22. What Happens in Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-23. Medications Associated with Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-24. Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-25. ABG Results in Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-26. Teaching About Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-27. Documenting Metabolic Alkalosis
B - 11-28. Acid and Base Imbalances and COVID-19
B - 11-29. Acid-Base Imbalances Review
4. When Fluids Tip the Balance
4. When Fluids Tip the Balance
B - 04-01. Positioning a Blood Pressure Cuff
B - 04-02. Correcting Problems of Blood Pressure Measurement
B - 04-03. How to Take a Doppler Blood Pressure
B - 04-04. Pulmonary Artery Catheter Ports
B - 04-05. Estimating CVP
B - 04-06. Different but the Same
B - 04-07. Danger Signs of Dehydration
B - 04-08. Teaching About Dehydration
B - 04-09. Documenting Dehydration
B - 04-10. Danger Signs of Hypovolemia
B - 04-11. Hemodynamic Values in Hypovolemic Shock
B - 04-12. Teaching About Hypovolemia
B - 04-13. Documenting Hypovolemia
B - 04-14. Evaluating Pitting Edema
B - 04-15. How Pulmonary Edema Develops
B - 04-16. Understanding CRRT
B - 04-17. Teaching About Hypervolemia
B - 04-18. Documenting Hypervolemia
B - 04-19. Teaching About Water Intoxication
B - 04-20. Documenting Water Intoxication
B - 04-21. Fluid Imbalances Review
5. When Sodium Tips the Balance
5. When Sodium Tips the Balance
B - 05-01. Dietary Sources of Sodium
B - 05-02. Regulating Sodium and Water
B - 05-03. Sodium-Potassium Pump
B - 05-04. Fluid Movement in Hyponatremia
B - 05-05. Medications Associated with Hyponatremia
B - 05-06. What Happens in SIADH
B - 05-07. Fluid Movement in Hypernatremia
B - 05-08. Infants, Children, Older Adult Patients, and Those Who are Critically Ill at Risk
B - 05-09. Medications Associated with Hypernatremia
B - 05-10. Documenting Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
B - 05-11. Teaching About Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
B - 05-12. Sodium Imbalances Review
6. When Potassium Tips the Balance
6. When Potassium Tips the Balance
B - 06-01. Potassium's Role in Acid-Base Balance
B - 06-02. Dietary Sources of Potassium
B - 06-03. Common Causes of Hypokalemia in the Old and Young
B - 06-04. Medications Associated with Hypokalemia
B - 06-05. Danger Signs of Hypokalemia
B - 06-06. ECG Pattern of Hypokalemia
B - 06-07. When Treatment Doesn't Work
B - 06-08. Safety Alert!
B - 06-09. Guidelines for IV Potassium Administration
B - 06-10. Hyperkalemia in Premature Infants and Older Adult Patients
B - 06-11. Medications Associated with Hyperkalemia
B - 06-12. Make Sure the Results are True
B - 06-13. ECG Pattern of Hyperkalemia
B - 06-14. Calcium Alert!
B - 06-15. The Next Step
B - 06-16. Teaching About Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia
B - 06-17. Documenting Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia
B - 06-18. Potassium Imbalances Review
7. When Magnesium Tips the Balance
7. When Magnesium Tips the Balance
B - 07-01. At Different Levels
B - 07-02. Dietary Sources of Magnesium
B - 07-03. Danger Signs of Low Magnesium Levels
B - 07-04. Medications Associated with Hypomagnesemia
B - 07-05. Identifying Hypomagnesemia
B - 07-06. Grading Dtrs
B - 07-07. Check the Label
B - 07-08. Teaching About Hypomagnesemia
B - 07-09. Infusing Magnesium Sulfate
B - 07-10. Preventing Medication Errors
B - 07-11. Documenting Hypomagnesemia
B - 07-12. Medications and Supplements Associated with Hypermagnesemia
B - 07-13. Signs and Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
B - 07-14. If Treatment Doesn't Work
B - 07-15. Teaching About Hypermagnesemia
B - 07-16. Testing the Patellar Reflex
B - 07-17. Documenting Hypermagnesemia
B - 07-18. Magnesium Imbalances Review
8. When Calcium Tips the Balance
8. When Calcium Tips the Balance
B - 08-01. Calcium Levels by Age
B - 08-02. Calculating Calcium and Albumin Levels
B - 08-03. Dietary Sources of Calcium
B - 08-04. Calcium in Balance
B - 08-05. Hypocalcemia in Older Adult Patients
B - 08-06. Medications Associated with Hypocalcemia
B - 08-07. Checking for Trousseau and Chvostek Signs
B - 08-08. Administering IV Calcium Safely
B - 08-09. When Treatment for Hypocalcemia Doesn't Work
B - 08-10. Teaching About Hypocalcemia
B - 08-11. Documenting Hypocalcemia
B - 08-12. Medications Associated with Hypercalcemia
B - 08-13. Danger Signs of Hypercalcemia
B - 08-14. When Treatment for Hypercalcemia Doesn't Work
B - 08-15. Teaching About Hypercalcemia
B - 08-16. Documenting Hypercalcemia
B - 08-17. Balancing Fluids Review
9. When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
9. When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
B - 09-01. Dietary Sources of Phosphorus
B - 09-02. Pth and Phosphorus
B - 09-03. Older Adult Patients at Risk
B - 09-04. Obtaining Serum Phosphorous Samples
B - 09-05. Medications Associated with Hypophosphatemia
B - 09-06. When Dietary Changes Aren't Working
B - 09-07. Teaching About Hypophosphatemia
B - 09-08. Documenting Hypophosphatemia
B - 09-09. Medications Associated with Hyperphosphatemia
B - 09-10. Cow's Milk and Hyperphosphatemia
B - 09-11. A Look at Calcification
B - 09-12. When Dietary Changes Aren't Enough
B - 09-13. Teaching About Hyperphosphatemia
B - 09-14. Documenting Hyperphosphatemia
B - 09-15. Phosphorus Imbalances Review
III. Disorders that Cause Imbalances
12. Heat-Related Health Alterations
12. Heat-Related Health Alterations
B - 12-01. Most Common Medications that Can Cause Heat-Related Health Alterations
B - 12-02. Teaching About Heat-Related Health Alterations
B - 12-03. Age-Related Heat-Related Health Alteration Risk
B - 12-04. Documenting Heat-Related Health Alterations
B - 12-05. Heat-Related Health Alterations Review
13. Heart Failure
13. Heart Failure
B - 13-01. Left-Sided Heart Failure
B - 13-02. Right-Sided Heart Failure
B - 13-03. Recognizing Advanced Heart Failure
B - 13-04. Medications Commonly Seen in Patients with Heart Failure
B - 13-05. Documenting Heart Failure
B - 13-06. Teaching About Heart Failure
B - 13-07. Heart Failure Review
14. Respiratory Failure
14. Respiratory Failure
B - 14-01. What Happens in Acute Respiratory Failure
B - 14-02. Causes of Respiratory Failure
B - 14-03. Recognizing Worsening Respiratory Failure
B - 14-04. Positioning Patients with Respiratory Failure
B - 14-05. Teaching About Respiratory Failure
B - 14-06. Documenting Respiratory Failure
B - 14-07. Respiratory Failure Review
15. Excessive GI Fluid Loss
15. Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-01. Imbalances Caused by Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-02. Characteristics and Causes of Vomiting
B - 15-03. Adolescents and Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-04. Recognizing Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-05. Teaching About Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-06. Don't Go Too Fast with Fluids
B - 15-07. Documenting Excessive GI Fluid Loss
B - 15-08. Excessive GI Fluid Loss Review
B - 15-09. Teaching About Diet Changes
16. Acute Pancreatitis
16. Acute Pancreatitis
B - 16-01. Functions of the Pancreas
B - 16-02. Edematous Vs. Necrotizing
B - 16-03. Chronic Pancreatitis
B - 16-04. Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
B - 16-05. Complications of Acute Pancreatitis
B - 16-06. Ranson Criteria
B - 16-07. The Balthazar Score: A CT Scan Severity Index
B - 16-08. Teaching About Acute Pancreatitis
B - 16-09. Documenting Acute Pancreatitis
B - 16-10. Acute Pancreatitis Review
17. Kidney Failure
17. Kidney Failure
B - 17-01. Causes of Acute Kidney Failure
B - 17-02. Laboratory Results Associated with Acute Kidney Failure
B - 17-03. Recognizing Kidney Failure
B - 17-04. Age-Related Kidney Changes
B - 17-05. Emergency Treatment of Hyperkalemia
B - 17-06. Teaching About Kidney Failure
B - 17-07. Documenting Kidney Failure
B - 17-08. Kidney Failure Review
18. Burns
18. Burns
B - 18-01. Estimating the Extent of a Burn
B - 18-02. Fluid Replacement Formula
B - 18-03. Emergency Burn Care
B - 18-04. Teaching About Burns
B - 18-05. Documenting Burn Care
B - 18-06. Burns Review
B - 18-07. Special Considerations for COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients
IV. Treating Imbalances
19. IV Fluid Replacement
19. IV Fluid Replacement
B - 19-01. Comparing Fluid Tonicity
B - 19-02. A Look at IV Solutions
B - 19-03. Managing Fluid Status in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
B - 19-04. Documenting an IV Infusion
B - 19-05. Teaching About IV Therapy
B - 19-06. IV Fluid Replacement Review
20. Total Parenteral Nutrition
20. Total Parenteral Nutrition
B - 20-01. Understanding Common TPN Additives
B - 20-02. Key Facts About Ppn
B - 20-03. Adverse Reactions to Lipid Emulsions
B - 20-04. Teaching About TPN
B - 20-05. Documenting TPN
B - 20-06. Total Parenteral Nutrition Review
Appendices
Common Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Older Adult Patients
Common Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Pediatric Patients
Practice Makes Perfect
Glossary
Practice Makes Perfect
References
Transfusing Blood and Selected Components
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