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The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
Dry Eyes
Table of Contents
Free Topics
A.11. Intravitreal Tap and Inject
A.15. Yag Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
A.9. Fortified Topical Antibiotics/Antifungals
About
Accommodative Spasm
Adie (Tonic) Pupil
Amblyopia
Approach to Uveitis
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome/Malignant Glaucoma
Bacterial Keratitis
Best Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)
Blind, Painful Eye
Burning
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Choroidal Effusion/Detachment
Chronic Postoperative Uveitis
Confocal Microscopy
Congenital/Infantile Glaucoma
Consultants
Contact Lens-induced Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Contributors
Cortical Blindness
Cotton-wool Spot
Crystalline Retinopathy
Decreased Vision
Dry Eye Syndrome
Dry Eyes
Dry Eyes
Entropion
Exposure Keratopathy
Eyelid Crusting
Eyes 'jumping' (Oscillopsia)
Flowchart - Flow Diagram for the Workup of Anisocoria
Foreword
Fundus Findings
Fundus Findings
Glare
Headache
Herpes Simplex Virus
Horner Syndrome
Human Leukocyte Antigen-b27-associated Uveitis
Hyphema and Microhyphema
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension/Pseudotumor Cerebri
Inability to Completely Close Eyelids (Lagophthalmos)
Intraorbital Foreign Body
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris
Miscellaneous Orbital Diseases
Neuroophthalmic Abnormalities
Neuroophthalmic Abnormalities
Night Blindness
Ocular Hypertension
Orbital Disease
Pediatrics
Preface
Preseptal Cellulitis
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome/Exfoliative Glaucoma
Purtscher Retinopathy
Red Eye
Red Eye
Retinal Break (Tear)
Ruptured Globe and Penetrating Ocular Injury
Sarcoidosis
Steroid-Response Glaucoma
Valsalva Retinopathy
Vitreous
Wilson Disease
1. Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Symptoms
'spots' in Front of the Eyes
Burning
Crossed Eyes in Children
Decreased Vision
Discharge
Distortion of Vision
Double Vision (Diplopia)
Dry Eyes
Eyelash Loss
Eyelid Crusting
Eyelid Drooping (Ptosis)
Eyelid Swelling
Eyelid Twitch
Eyes 'bulging' (Proptosis)
Eyes 'jumping' (Oscillopsia)
Flashes of Light
Floaters
Foreign Body Sensation
Glare
Hallucinations (Formed Images)
Halos Around Lights
Headache
Inability to Completely Close Eyelids (Lagophthalmos)
Itchy Eyes
Light Sensitivity (Photophobia)
Night Blindness
Pain
Red Eye
Tearing
2. Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Signs
Anterior Chamber/Anterior Chamber Angle
Cornea/Conjunctival Findings
Eyelid Abnormalities
Fundus Findings
Intraocular Pressure
Iris
Lens
Neuroophthalmic Abnormalities
Orbit
Pediatrics
Postoperative Complications
Refractive Problems
Visual Field Abnormalities
Vitreous
3. Trauma
Chemical Burn
Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria
Commotio Retinae
Conjunctival Laceration
Corneal Abrasion
Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies
Corneal Laceration
Eyelid Laceration
Firework or Shrapnel-/Bullet-Related Injuries
Hyphema and Microhyphema
Intraocular Foreign Body
Intraorbital Foreign Body
Iridodialysis/Cyclodialysis
Orbital Blowout Fracture
Purtscher Retinopathy
Ruptured Globe and Penetrating Ocular Injury
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Traumatic Choroidal Rupture
Traumatic Iritis
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Traumatic Retrobulbar Hemorrhage (Orbital Hemorrhage)
4. Cornea
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy/Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy
Bacterial Keratitis
Band Keratopathy
Contact Lens-induced Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Contact Lens-related Problems
Corneal Dystrophies
Corneal Graft Rejection
Corneal Refractive Surgery Complications
Complications of Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
Complications of Radial Keratotomy
Complications of Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Complications of Surface Ablation Procedures (Photorefractive Keratectomy, Laser Subepithelial Keratectomy, and Epithelial Laser In Situ Keratomileusis)
Corneal Refractive Surgery Complications
Crystalline Keratopathy
Delle
Dry Eye Syndrome
Exposure Keratopathy
Filamentary Keratopathy
Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy
Fungal Keratitis
Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus/Varicella Zoster Virus
Interstitial Keratitis
Keratoconus
Neurotrophic Keratopathy
Peripheral Corneal Thinning/Ulceration
Phlyctenulosis
Pterygium/Pinguecula
Recurrent Corneal Erosion
Staphylococcal Hypersensitivity
Superficial Punctate Keratopathy
Thygeson Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Ultraviolet Keratopathy
5. Conjunctiva/Sclera/Iris/External Disease
Acute Conjunctivitis
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Nongonococcal)
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis
Pediculosis (Lice, Crabs)
Symptoms
Vernal/Atopic Conjunctivitis
Viral Conjunctivitis/Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Blepharitis/Meibomitis
Chlamydial Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Conjunctival Tumors
Contact Dermatitis
Differential Diagnosis
Episcleritis
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris
Microsporidial Keratoconjunctivitis
Molluscum Contagiosum
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid)
Ocular Rosacea
Parinaud Oculoglandular Conjunctivitis
Scleritis
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms
Toxic Conjunctivitis/Medicamentosa
Trachoma
6. Eyelid
Blepharospasm
Canaliculitis
Chalazion/Hordeolum
Dacryocystitis/Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac
Ectropion
Entropion
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome
Malignant Tumors of the Eyelid
Preseptal Cellulitis
Ptosis
Trichiasis
7. Orbit
Infectious Orbital Disease
Acute Dacryoadenitis: Infection/Inflammation of the Lacrimal Gland
Orbital Cellulitis
Subperiosteal Abscess
Inflammatory Orbital Disease
Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome
Thyroid Eye Disease
Orbital Disease
Orbital Tumors
Lacrimal Gland Mass/Chronic Dacryoadenitis
Miscellaneous Orbital Diseases
Orbital Tumors in Adults
Orbital Tumors in Children
Traumatic Orbital Disease
8. Pediatrics
Leukocoria
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Amblyopia
Classification
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Congenital Ptosis
Congenital/Infantile Glaucoma
Developmental Anterior Segment and Lens Anomalies/Dysgenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Esodeviations
Exodeviations
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Follow Up
Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Newborn Conjunctivitis)
Pediatric Cataract
Risk Factors
Screening Recommendations
Signs
Strabismus Syndromes
The Bilaterally Blind Infant
Treatment
Workup
9. Glaucoma
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
Angle Recession Glaucoma
Chronic Angle Closure Glaucoma
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis/Posner-schlossman Syndrome
Inflammatory Open-Angle Glaucoma
Lens-Related Glaucoma
Glaucoma Caused by Lens Dislocation or Subluxation
Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
Lens Particle Glaucoma
Neovascular Glaucoma
Phacoantigenic Glaucoma (Formerly PHACOANAPHYLAXIS)
Phacolytic Glaucoma
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Plateau Iris
Low-Tension Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (Normal Pressure Glaucoma)
Ocular Hypertension
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma
Postoperative Glaucoma
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome/Malignant Glaucoma
Blebitis
Early Postoperative Glaucoma
Postoperative Complications of Glaucoma Surgery
Postoperative Pupillary Block
Uveitis, Glaucoma, Hyphema Syndrome
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome/Exfoliative Glaucoma
Steroid-Response Glaucoma
10. Neuro-Ophthalmology
Aberrant Regeneration of the Third Cranial Nerve
Adie (Tonic) Pupil
Anisocoria
Argyll Robertson Pupils
Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Giant Cell Arteritis)
Cavernous Sinus and Associated Syndromes (Multiple Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies)
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
Horner Syndrome
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension/Pseudotumor Cerebri
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Isolated Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Isolated Seventh Cranial Nerve Palsy
Isolated Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Isolated Third Cranial Nerve Palsy
Miscellaneous Optic Neuropathies
Complicated Hereditary Optic Atrophy
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Dominant Optic Atrophy
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Radiation Optic Neuropathy
Toxic/Metabolic Optic Neuropathy
Myasthenia Gravis
Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Nystagmus
Cluster Headache
Congenital Forms of Nystagmus
Cortical Blindness
Headache
Migraine
Nonphysiologic Visual Loss
Nystagmus
Signs
Symptoms
Transient Visual Loss/Amaurosis Fugax
Vertebrobasilar Artery Insufficiency
Optic Neuritis
Papilledema
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
11. Retina
Choroidal Nevus and Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
Choroidal Nevus
Choroidal Nevus and Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Retinal Break (Tear)
Retinal Detachment
Exudative/Serous Retinal Detachment
Retinal Detachment
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Retinitis Pigmentosa and Inherited Chorioretinal Dystrophies
Best Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)
Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity
Cone Dystrophies
Crystalline Retinopathy
Hereditary Chorioretinal Dystrophies and Other Causes of Nyctalopia (Night Blindness)
Optic Pit
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Solar or Photic Retinopathy
Stargardt Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)
Systemic Diseases Associated With Hereditary Retinal Degeneration
Retinoschisis
Age-Related (Degenerative) Retinoschisis
Angioid Streaks
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Choroidal Effusion/Detachment
Cotton-wool Spot
Cystoid Macular Edema
Diabetic Retinopathy
Epiretinal Membrane (Macular Pucker, Surface-Wrinkling Retinopathy, Cellophane Maculopathy)
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Neovascular or Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Ocular Histoplasmosis
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome/Carotid Occlusive Disease
Pathologic/Degenerative Myopia
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
Retinoschisis
Sickle Cell Retinopathy (Including Sickle Cell Disease, Anemia, and Trait)
Valsalva Retinopathy
Vitreomacular Adhesion/Vitreomacular Traction/Macular Hole
Vitreous Hemorrhage
X-Linked (Juvenile) Retinoschisis
12. Uveitis
Acute Retinal Necrosis
Anterior Uveitis (Iritis/Iridocyclitis)
Approach to Uveitis
Behcet Disease
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Human Leukocyte Antigen-b27-associated Uveitis
Intermediate Uveitis
Noninfectious Retinal Microvasculopathy/HIV Retinopathy
Posterior and Panuveitis
Postoperative Endophthalmitis
Acute (Day[s] After Surgery)
Candida Retinitis/Endophthalmitis
Chronic Postoperative Uveitis
Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Subacute (Weeks to Months After Surgery)
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Traumatic Endophthalmitis
Sarcoidosis
Syphilis
Acquired Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Vogt-koyanagi-harada Syndrome
13. General Ophthalmic Problems
Acquired Cataract
Phakomatoses
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome)
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Von Recklinghausen Syndrome)
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Leptomeningeal Angiomatosis)
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Bourneville Syndrome)
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome (Racemose Hemangiomatosis)
Pregnancy
Accommodative Spasm
Albinism
Anterior Segment Changes
Blind, Painful Eye
Convergence Insufficiency
Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Hypotony Syndrome
Lyme Disease
Meningioma of Pregnancy
Occlusive Vascular Disorders
Other Conditions Influenced by Pregnancy
Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
Vitamin A Deficiency
Wilson Disease
Subluxed or Dislocated Crystalline Lens
14. Imaging Modalities in Ophthalmology
Computed Tomography
Conventional Arteriography
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Venography
Nuclear Medicine
Ophthalmic Ultrasonography
A-Scan
B-Scan
Confocal Microscopy
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Corneal Topography and Tomography
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Intravenous Fluorescein Angiography
Optical Coherence Tomography
Orbital Ultrasonography/Doppler
Photographic Studies
Ultrasonographic Biomicroscopy
Plain Films Radiography
Appendices
A.1. Dilating Drops
A.10. Technique for Retrobulbar/Subtenon/Subconjunctival Injections
A.11. Intravitreal Tap and Inject
A.12. Intravitreal Antibiotics
A.13. Anterior Chamber Paracentesis
A.14. Angle Classification
A.15. Yag Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
A.2. Tetanus Prophylaxis
A.3. Cover/Uncover and Alternate Cover Tests
A.4. Amsler Grid
A.5. Seidel Test to Detect a Wound Leak
A.6. Forced Duction Test and Active Force Generation Test
A.7. Technique for Diagnostic Probing and Irrigation of the Lacrimal System
A.8. Corneal Culture Procedure
A.9. Fortified Topical Antibiotics/Antifungals
Ophthalmic Acronyms and Abbreviations
Ophthalmic Acronyms and Abbreviations
Front Matter
Consultants
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
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