Table of Contents

• Free Topics
  • 1.1. Goals of Test Selection with Examples
  • 1.3. Factors That Increase a Patient's Risk for Complications and May Affect Test Outcomes
  • 1.3. Sample Test Results
  • 1.7. Blood Specimen Collection Tube Colors
  • 1.9. Behavioral Responses
  • 2.1. Normal Values for Bone Marrow
  • 2.9. Laboratory Tests to Measure Hemostasis
  • 3.1. Urinalysis Chemstrip Screen
  • 3.1. Urine Testing by Dipstick/Reagent Strip
  • 3.5. Comparison of Urine Urobilinogen and Urine Bilirubin Values
  • 3.7. Interpreting Urine Laboratory Findings
  • 4.2. Normal Values in Stool Analysis
  • Acknowledgments
  • Alanine Aminotransferase (Aminotransferase, ALT)
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); Arginine Vasopressin Hormone
  • Arterial Puncture
  • Basic Blood Test
  • Bibliography
  • Blood Tests
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, Urea Nitrogen)
  • Chapter Content and Features
  • Chorionic Gonadotropin
  • Collection and Transport of Random Specimens
  • Conclusion
  • Contributors, Consultants, and Research Assistants
  • Cortisone Stimulation (Cosyntropin, Cortrosyn Stimulation)
  • CSF Color and Appearance
  • CSF Lactic Acid, L-Lactate
  • Current Developments in Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
  • Description, Formation, and Composition of CSF
  • Differential White Blood Cell Count (Diff)
  • D-Xylose Absorption (Timed Urine and Blood)
  • Equipment and Supplies
  • Erythropoietic Porphyrins; Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin (FEP)
  • Expected and Unexpected Outcomes
  • Fetal Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin F; Alkali-Resistant Hemoglobin)
  • Fibrin Split Products (FSPs); Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)
  • Folic Acid (Folate)
  • Integration
  • Intratest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
  • Iron Tests
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
  • Monitoring for Complications and Sedation Effects
  • Myoglobin (Mb)
  • Organization
  • Overview of Basic Blood, Hematology, and Coagulation Tests
  • Overview of Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
  • Patient Independence
  • Plasminogen (Plasmin; Fibrinolysin)
  • Platelet Aggregation
  • Positioning for Procedures
  • Posttest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
  • Preface
  • Pretest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
  • Purpose
  • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count (Erythrocyte Count)
  • Reimbursement for Diagnostic Services
  • Related Tests That Influence Glucose Metabolism
  • Reviewers
  • Revisions and Additions to the Tenth Edition
  • Sedimentation Rate (Sed Rate); Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
  • Standards and Guidelines
  • Stool Color
  • Stool Electrolytes: Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, and Osmolality
  • Stool Studies
  • Testing Protocols
  • Tests of Hemostasis and Coagulation
  • Types of Urine Specimens
  • Uric Acid
  • Urine ß (2)-Microglobulin
  • Urine Color
  • Urine Hyaline Casts
  • Urine Leukocyte Esterase
  • Urine Potassium (K), Quantitative (24-Hour) and Random
  • Urine Pregnanetriol (24-Hour)
  • Urine Protein (Albumin), Qualitative and 24-Hour
  • Urine White Blood Cells and White Blood Cell Casts
• 1: Diagnostic Testing
  • 1: Diagnostic Testing
  • Chart(s)
    • 1.1. Grading Guidelines for Scientific Evidence
    • 1.2. Tests Covered by Most Insurance Carriers
    • 1.3. Factors That Increase a Patient's Risk for Complications and May Affect Test Outcomes
    • 1.4. Items Containing Latex
    • 1.5. Examples of Sedatives and Analgesic Drugs Used
    • 1.6. Agents and Toxins Reportable to the APHIS or CDC
    • 1.7. Diseases and Conditions Reportable by Laboratory Directors and Healthcare Providers
  • Diagnostic Testing and the Healthcare Delivery System
    • Diagnostic Testing and the Healthcare Delivery System
    • Reimbursement for Diagnostic Services
    • Testing Environments
    • The Healthcare Provider’s Role in Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
  • Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care throughout the Testing Process
    • Avoidance of Errors
    • Communication
    • Cultural Sensitivity
    • Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care throughout the Testing Process
    • Ethics and the Law
    • Patient Independence
    • Patient's Bill of Rights and Patient Responsibilities
    • Testing Protocols
  • Figure(s)
    • 1.1. A Model for the Role of the Clinical Team in Diagnostic Care and Services
  • Intratest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Administration of Drugs and Solutions
    • Basic Knowledge and Necessary Skills-Intratest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Collaborative Approaches
    • Equipment and Supplies
    • Infection Prevention
    • Intratest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Latex Sensitivity and Allergy
    • Management of Environment
    • Pain Control, Comfort Measures, and Patient Monitoring
    • Positioning for Procedures
    • Presence of Family or Significant Others
    • Risk Management
    • Sedation and Analgesia
    • Specimens and Procedures
  • Overview of Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
    • Clinical Value of a Test
    • Overview of Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
    • Standards and Guidelines
    • Test Results
    • Test Selection and Evidence-Based Guidelines
    • The Diagnostic Testing Model
  • Posttest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Abnormal Test Results
    • Basic Knowledge and Necessary Skills-Posttest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Bibliography
    • Biosafety
    • Conclusion
    • Documentation, Record Keeping, and Reporting
    • Expected and Unexpected Outcomes
    • Follow-Up Care
    • Follow-Up Counseling
    • Guidelines for Disclosure
    • Integration
    • Laboratory Response Network
    • Monitoring for Complications and Sedation Effects
    • Patient Responses to Diagnosis
    • Posttest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Recovered Medical Errors
    • Referral and Treatment
    • Test Result Availability
  • Pretest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
    • Basic Knowledge and Necessary Skills
    • History and Assessment
    • Methodology of Testing
    • Patient Education
    • Patient Preparation
    • Pretest Phase: Elements of Safe, Effective, Informed Care
  • Table(s)
    • 1.1. Goals of Test Selection with Examples
    • 1.10. Test Outcomes
    • 1.2. Standards for Diagnostic Evaluation
    • 1.3. Sample Test Results
    • 1.4. Examples of Conversions to Systeme International (SI) Units
    • 1.5. Classification of Risk Factors for a Higher Incidence of Adverse Reactions
    • 1.6. Errors in Collection
    • 1.7. Blood Specimen Collection Tube Colors
    • 1.8. Biocultural Considerations
    • 1.9. Behavioral Responses
• 2: Blood Studies: Hematology and Coagulation
  • 2: Blood Studies: Hematology and Coagulation
  • Basic Blood Test
    • Basic Blood Test
    • Complete Blood Count (CBC)/Hemogram
  • Blood Specimen Collection Procedures
    • Arterial Puncture
    • Blood Specimen Collection Procedures
    • Bone Marrow Aspiration
    • Capillary Puncture (Skin Puncture)
    • Venipuncture
  • Chart(s)
    • 2.1. Anemias Characterized by Deficient Hemoglobin Synthesis
  • Figure(s)
    • 2.1. Evacuated Tubes
    • 2.2. In vivo, the Clotting Process Follows Two Pathways: Blood Coagulation Cascade and Platelet Activation
    • 2.3. Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Common Pathways of Coagulation
    • 2.4. Stage Four Activation of the Fibrinolytic System
  • Iron Tests
    • Ferritin
    • Iron (Fe), Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC), and Transferrin Tests
    • Iron Stain (Stainable Iron in Bone Marrow; Prussian Blue Stain)
    • Iron Tests
  • Overview of Basic Blood, Hematology, and Coagulation Tests
    • Blood Tests
    • Composition of Blood
    • Overview of Basic Blood, Hematology, and Coagulation Tests
  • Stains for Leukemias
    • Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) Stain
    • Periodic Acid-schiff (PAS) Stain
    • Stains for Leukemias
    • Sudan Black B (SBB) Stain
    • Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) Stain
    • Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT) Stain
  • Table(s)
    • 2.1. Normal Values for Bone Marrow
    • 2.10. Therapeutic Context
    • 2.2. Normal Values for Hemogram
    • 2.3. Leukocyte Abnormalities and Diseases
    • 2.4. Normal Values for Red Blood Cells
    • 2.5. Peripheral Red Blood Cell Abnormalities
    • 2.6. Ferritin, Iron, and Iron Saturation Changes in Anemias
    • 2.7. The Complex Chain of Coagulation Reactions
    • 2.8. Proteins Involved in Blood Coagulation
    • 2.9. Laboratory Tests to Measure Hemostasis
  • Tests for Anemia
    • Erythropoietin (Ep)
    • Folic Acid (Folate)
    • Tests for Anemia
    • Vitamin B (12) (VB(12))
  • Tests for Hemoglobin Disorders
    • Bart's Hemoglobin
    • Carboxyhemoglobin; Carbon Monoxide (CO)
    • Fetal Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin F; Alkali-Resistant Hemoglobin)
    • Haptoglobin (Hp)
    • Hemoglobin A (2) (HbA(2))
    • Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
    • Hemoglobin S (Sickle Cell Test; Sickledex)
    • Methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M)
    • Myoglobin (Mb)
    • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Test
    • Sulfhemoglobin
    • Tests for Hemoglobin Disorders
  • Tests for Hemolytic Anemia
    • 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
    • Erythrocyte Fragility (Osmotic Fragility and Autohemolysis)
    • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)
    • Heinz Bodies; Heinz Stain; Glutathione Instability
    • Pyruvate Kinase (PK)
    • Tests for Hemolytic Anemia
  • Tests for Porphyria
    • Erythropoietic Porphyrins; Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin (FEP)
    • Porphyrins; Fractionation of Erythrocytes and of Plasma
    • Tests for Porphyria
  • Tests for Red Blood Cells
    • Hematocrit (Hct); Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
    • Hemoglobin (Hb)
    • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
    • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
    • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
    • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count (Erythrocyte Count)
    • Red Blood Cell Indices
    • Red Cell Size Distribution Width (RDW)
    • Reticulocyte Count
    • Sedimentation Rate (Sed Rate); Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
    • Stained Red Cell Examination (Film; Stained Erythrocyte Examination)
    • Tests for Red Blood Cells
  • Tests of Hemostasis and Coagulation
    • Activated Clotting Time (ACT)
    • Antithrombin III (AT-III; Heparin Cofactor Activity)
    • Bibliography
    • Bleeding Time (Ivy Method; Template Bleeding Time)
    • Coagulant Factors (Factor Assay)
    • D-Dimer
    • Disorders of Hemostasis
    • Fibrin Monomers (Protamine Sulfate Test; Fibrin Split Products)
    • Fibrin Split Products (FSPs); Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)
    • Fibrinogen
    • Fibrinolysis (Euglobulin Lysis Time; Diluted Whole Blood Clot Lysis)
    • Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
    • Hypercoagulability States
    • Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
    • Plasminogen (Plasmin; Fibrinolysin)
    • Platelet Aggregation
    • Platelet Count; Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
    • Protein C (Pc Antigen)
    • Protein S
    • Prothrombin Fragment (F1 + 2)
    • Prothrombin Time (Pro Time; PT)
    • Tests for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
    • Tests of Hemostasis and Coagulation
    • Thrombin Time (TT); Thrombin Clotting Time (TCT)
  • Tests of White Blood Cells
    • Basophils
    • Differential White Blood Cell Count (Diff)
    • Eosinophils
    • Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping (T and B Cells)
    • Lymphocytes (Monomorphonuclear Lymphocytes)
    • Monocytes (Monomorphonuclear Monocytes)
    • Segmented Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils, PMNs, Segs, Polys)
    • Tests of White Blood Cells
    • White Blood Cell (WBC) Count (Leukocyte Count)
• 3: Urine Studies
  • 3: Urine Studies
  • Chart(s)
    • 3.1. Overview of the Urinary System and Related Tests
  • Collection of Urine Specimens
    • Collection of Urine Specimens
    • Long-Term, Timed Urine Specimen (2-Hour, 24-Hour)
    • Single, Random Urine Specimen
  • Figure(s)
    • 3.1. Urinalysis Chemstrip Screen
    • 3.2. Sample Reports of Routine Urinalysis (A) and Culture Sensitivity (B)
  • Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
    • Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
    • Procedure for Microscopic Urine Examination
    • Urine Crystals-Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment-Urine Studies
    • Urine Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Casts
    • Urine Granular Casts
    • Urine Hyaline Casts
    • Urine Red Blood Cells and Red Blood Cell Casts
    • Urine Waxy Casts or Broad Casts (Renal Failure Casts) and Fatty Casts
    • Urine White Blood Cells and White Blood Cell Casts
  • Overview of Urine Studies
    • Overview of Urine Studies
    • Types of Urine Specimens
    • Urine Constituents
    • Urine Formation
  • Routine Urinalysis (UA) and Related Tests
    • Microalbuminuria/Albumin (24-Hour Urine)
    • Routine Urinalysis (UA) and Related Tests
    • Urine ß (2)-Microglobulin
    • Urine Appearance
    • Urine Bilirubin
    • Urine Blood or Hemoglobin (Hb)
    • Urine Color
    • Urine Glucose (Sugar)
    • Urine Ketones (Acetone; Ketone Bodies)
    • Urine Leukocyte Esterase
    • Urine Nitrite (Bacteria)
    • Urine Odor
    • Urine Osmolality
    • Urine pH
    • Urine Protein (Albumin), Qualitative and 24-Hour
    • Urine Specific Gravity (SG)
    • Urine Urobilinogen, Random and Timed
    • Urine Volume
  • Table(s)
    • 3.1. Urine Testing by Dipstick/Reagent Strip
    • 3.10. Specimen Values
    • 3.11. Mean Creatinine Clearance (mL/min/1.73 m2)
    • 3.12. Aminoacidurias
    • 3.13. Absence of Amino Acids
    • 3.2. Collection of Urine by Type of Specimen
    • 3.3. 24-Hour Collection: Standards for Timed Urine Specimen Collection
    • 3.4. Normal Values in Urinalysis
    • 3.5. Comparison of Urine Urobilinogen and Urine Bilirubin Values
    • 3.6. Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
    • 3.7. Interpreting Urine Laboratory Findings
    • 3.8. Common Correlations in Urinalysis
    • 3.9. Urine Crystals
  • Timed Urine Tests
    • Bibliography
    • D-Xylose Absorption (Timed Urine and Blood)
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU); Urine Phenylalanine (Random Urine and Blood)
    • Timed Urine Tests
    • Urine 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) (24-Hour)
    • Urine Amino Acids, Total and Fractions (Random, 24-Hour Urine, and Blood)
    • Urine Amylase Excretion and Clearance (Random, Timed Urine, and Blood)
    • Urine Calcium (Ca), Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Chloride (Cl), Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Creatinine
    • Urine Cystine (Random and 24-Hour)
    • Urine Hydroxyproline (Timed Urine and Blood)
    • Urine Lysozyme (Random, 24-Hour Urine, and Blood)
    • Urine Magnesium (Mg), Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Oxalate, Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens (24-Hour and Random)
    • Urine Potassium (K), Quantitative (24-Hour) and Random
    • Urine Pregnanediol (24-Hour)
    • Urine Pregnanetriol (24-Hour)
    • Urine Sodium (Na), Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Uric Acid, Quantitative (24-Hour)
    • Urine Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA); Catecholamines (24-Hour)
  • Urine Chemistry
    • Urine Chemistry
    • Urine Estrogen, Total and Fractions (Estradiol [E (2)] and Estriol [E(3)]), 24-Hour Urine, and Total Estrogen-Blood
    • Urine Pregnancy Test; Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Test
  • Urine Testing
    • Dipstick Testing
    • Laboratory Testing for Routine Urinalysis
    • Urine Testing
• 4: Stool Studies
  • 4: Stool Studies
  • Overview of Stool Studies
  • Stool Analysis
  • Stool Specimen Collection and Transport Procedures
    • Collection and Transport of 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-Hour Stool Specimens
    • Collection and Transport of Random Specimens
    • Collection and Transport of Specimens for Enteric Pathogens
    • Collection and Transport of Specimens for Ova and Parasites
    • Collection and Transport Procedures for All Types of Stool Collection
    • Stool Specimen Collection and Transport Procedures
  • Stool Studies
    • Apt Test for Swallowed Blood
    • Bibliography
    • Blood in Stool; Occult Blood
    • Fat in Stool; Fecal Fat Stain
    • Leukocytes in Stool
    • Mucus in Stool
    • Stool Color
    • Stool Consistency, Shape, Form, Amount, and Odor
    • Stool Electrolytes: Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, and Osmolality
    • Stool pH
    • Stool Reducing Substances Test
    • Stool Studies
    • Trypsin in Stool: Fecal Chymotrypsin
    • Urobilinogen in Stool
  • Table(s)
    • 4.1. Stool Testing for Infections
    • 4.2. Normal Values in Stool Analysis
• 5: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies
  • 5: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Procedure
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Procedure
    • Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests
    • Bibliography
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests
    • CSF Albumin and Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
    • CSF Color and Appearance
    • CSF Glucose
    • CSF Glutamine
    • CSF Lactate Dehydrogenase (Ld/LDH)
    • CSF Lactic Acid, L-Lactate
    • CSF Microscopic Examination of Cells
    • CSF Pressure
    • CSF Protein Electrophoresis
    • CSF Total Protein
  • Figure(s)
    • 5.1. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Report
    • 5.2. Spinal Tap Technique
    • 5.3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Report-Patient with Multiple Sclerosis
  • Overview of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
    • Description, Formation, and Composition of CSF
    • Explanation of Tests
    • Overview of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Table(s)
    • 5.1. Normal CSF Values
    • 5.2. Tumor Markers in CSF
    • 5.3. Color Changes in CSF Suggestive of Disease States
    • 5.4. Differentiation of Bloody CSF Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage versus Traumatic Lumbar Puncture
    • 5.5. Cell Counts
    • 5.6. Major Cells Seen in Microscopic Examination of CSF
    • 5.7. Abnormal CSF Findings in Types of Meningitis
• 6: Chemistry Studies
  • 6: Chemistry Studies
  • Chart(s)
    • 6.1. Heart Failure
    • 6.2. Grading Heart Diseases
    • 6.3. Homocysteine Testing
    • 6.4. Recommendations by the American Heart Association to Lower the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Women
    • 6.5. Example of Lipid Test Outcomes, Interpretation, and Intervention
  • Diabetes Testing, Blood Glucose, Blood Sugar, and Related Tests
    • Diabetes Testing, Blood Glucose, Blood Sugar, and Related Tests
    • Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
    • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
    • Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT); Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
    • Hemoglobin A (1c) (HbA(1c))
    • Lactose Tolerance; Breath Hydrogen Test
  • End Products of Metabolism and Other Tests
    • Albumin
    • Ammonia (NH (3))
    • Bilirubin
    • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, Urea Nitrogen)
    • Cholinesterase, Serum (Pseudocholinesterase)
    • Creatinine and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
    • Cystatin C
    • End Products of Metabolism and Other Tests
    • Lead (Pb)
    • Neonatal Bilirubin, Total and Fractionated ("baby Bili")
    • Osteocalcin (Bone G1a Protein)
    • Prealbumin (PAB)
    • Uric Acid
  • Enzyme Tests
    • α (1)-Antitrypsin (AAT)
    • Acid Phosphatase; Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)
    • Alanine Aminotransferase (Aminotransferase, ALT)
    • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total; 5'-Nucleotidase
    • Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes (ISO)
    • Amylase and Lipase
    • Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)
    • Aspartate Transaminase (Aminotransferase, AST)
    • Cardiac Troponin T (cTnT); Troponin I (cTnI)
    • Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
    • Enzyme Tests
    • Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GPT)
    • gamma-Glutamyltransferase (gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, GGT, gammaGT)
    • Homocysteine (tHcy)
    • Lactate Dehydrogenase (Ld, LDH)
    • Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH, Ld) Isoenzymes (Electrophoresis)
    • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
    • Renin (Angiotensin); Plasma Renin Angiotensin (PRA)
    • Renin Stimulation/Challenge Test
    • Tryptase
  • Fertility Tests
    • Chorionic Gonadotropin
    • Fertility Tests
    • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH); Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    • Progesterone
    • Prolactin (hPRL)
    • Testosterone, Total and Free
  • Figure(s)
    • 6.1. Portable Blood Glucose Analyzer
    • 6.2. Nomogram for Designation of Risk
    • 6.3. Relationship of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) to Heart Disease
    • 6.4. Example of Laboratory Test Results (54-Year-Old Female, Annual Physical Examination)
  • Hormone Tests
    • Aldosterone
    • Androstenedione
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); Arginine Vasopressin Hormone
    • Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP
    • Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)
    • Cortisol Suppression (Dexamethasone Suppression Test; DST)
    • Cortisone Stimulation (Cosyntropin, Cortrosyn Stimulation)
    • Gastrin
    • Hormone Tests
    • Human Growth Hormone (hGH); Somatotropin
    • Parathyroid Hormone Assay
    • Somatomedin C (Sm-C); Insulin-Like Growth Hormone
  • Lipoprotein Tests/Lipoprotein Profiles
    • Apolipoprotein A and B (Apo A-I, Apo B)
    • Cholesterol (C)
    • Free Fatty Acids; Fatty Acid Profile
    • High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)
    • Lipoprotein Electrophoresis
    • Lipoprotein Tests/Lipoprotein Profiles
    • Triglycerides
    • Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL); Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
  • Overview of Chemistry Studies
    • General Biochemical Profiles
    • Overview of Chemistry Studies
    • Use of the Autoanalyzer
  • Related Tests That Influence Glucose Metabolism
    • C-Peptide
    • Glucagon
    • Insulin
    • Related Tests That Influence Glucose Metabolism
  • Table(s)
    • 6.1. Common Screening Profiles
    • 6.10. Suggested Age-Specific Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Reference Ranges
    • 6.11. Cardiac Markers
    • 6.12. Abnormal Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme Patterns
    • 6.13. Stages of Treatment for High Lactate Dehydrogenase Levels
    • 6.14. LDL-C/HDL-C Ratio
    • 6.15. Values for Triglycerides
    • 6.16. Application of Equation to Determine Thyroxine Uptake
    • 6.17. Implications of Conditions for T3 (T3 U) Testing
    • 6.2. Standard Panels
    • 6.3. Glucose Tolerance Test Levels
    • 6.4. Total Bilirubin Comparison
    • 6.5. Indications for Exchange Transfusion
    • 6.6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Classifications of Blood Lead Levels
    • 6.7. Effects of Increased Blood Lead Levels on Children
    • 6.8. Values for Somatomedin C
    • 6.9. Values for Luteinizing and Follicle-Stimulating Hormones
  • Thyroid Function Tests
    • Bibliography
    • Calcitonin
    • Free Thyroxine (FT (4))
    • Free Thyroxine Index (FTI, T (7))
    • Free Triiodothyronine (FT (3))
    • Neonatal Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    • Neonatal Thyroxine (T (4)); Neonatal Screen for Hypothyroidism
    • Patient Care for Thyroid Testing
    • Thyroglobulin (Tg)
    • Thyroid Function Tests
    • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH; Thyrotropin)
    • Thyroxine (T (4)), Total
    • Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG)
    • Triiodothyronine (T (3)), Total
    • Triiodothyronine Uptake (T (3) U)
• 7: Microbiologic Studies
  • 7: Microbiologic Studies
  • Bioterrorism and Emergency Response: Infectious Agents
    • Bibliography
    • Bioterrorism and Emergency Response: Infectious Agents
    • Diagnosis of Anthrax Infection
    • Diagnosis of Botulism Infection
    • Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Fever, Hantavirus, Ebola Virus, Marburg Virus, and Yellow Fever Infection
    • Diagnosis of Plague, Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic Plague, and Primary Septicemic Plague Infection
    • Diagnosis of Smallpox Infection
    • Diagnosis of Tularemia Infection
  • Blood, Urine, Eye, and Ear Cultures
    • Blood Cultures
    • Blood, Urine, Eye, and Ear Cultures
    • Eye and Ear Cultures
    • Urine Cultures
  • Chart(s)
    • 7.1. Some Common Pathogens Detectable in Body Tissues and Fluids by Diagnostic Methods
    • 7.2. Classification of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction
    • 7.3. Viral Infections in Infants, Children, and Adults
    • 7.4. Collecting Specimens for Inhalation and Cutaneous Anthrax
  • Collection and Transport of Specimens
    • Collection and Transport of Specimens
    • Collection Procedures
    • General Principles
    • Transport of Specimens by Mail
  • Diagnosis of Microbial Disease
    • Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease
    • Diagnosis of Foodborne Illness (Food Poisoning)
    • Diagnosis of Fungal Disease
    • Diagnosis of Highly Pathogenic Asian Avian Influenza A (H5N1) ("bird Flu")
    • Diagnosis of Human Monkeypox Virus
    • Diagnosis of Microbial Disease
    • Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections
    • Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
    • Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease
    • Diagnosis of Rickettsial Disease
    • Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
    • Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
    • Diagnosis of Spirochetal Disease
    • Diagnosis of Viral and Mycoplasmal Infection
    • Diagnosis of West Nile Virus (WNV), West Nile Fever, and West Nile Encephalitis
    • Studies of the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antimicrobial Agents
  • Diagnostic Testing Procedures
    • Cultures
    • Diagnostic Testing Procedures
    • Serologic Testing
    • Skin Testing
    • The Smear and Stain
    • Tissue Biopsy
  • Figure(s)
    • 7.1. Method for Obtaining the Rectal Culture
    • 7.2. Method for Obtaining the Endocervical Specimen
    • 7.3. Method for Obtaining the Urethral Specimen
    • 7.4. Disk Diffusion Method for Evaluation of Antibiotic Susceptibility
    • 7.5. Broth Dilution Method for Determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Necessary to Fight Infection
    • 7.6. Class II, Type A2 Biological Safety Cabinet
  • Other Cultures and Smears
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Cultures and Smears
    • Cervical, Urethral, Anal, and Oropharyngeal Cultures and Smears for Gonorrhea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
    • Other Cultures and Smears
    • Skin Cultures
    • Stool and Anal Cultures and Smears
    • Tissue, Bone, and Body Fluid Cultures
    • Wound and Abscess Cultures
  • Overview of Microbiologic Studies
    • Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease
    • Diagnostic Testing and Microbes
    • Host Factors
    • Overview of Microbiologic Studies
  • Respiratory Tract Cultures
    • Nasopharyngeal Cultures (Swab)
    • Respiratory Tract Cultures
    • Sputum Cultures
    • Throat Cultures (Swab or Washings)
  • Skin Tests
    • Candida and Tetanus Toxoid Tests
    • Intradermal Tests
    • Mumps Test
    • Skin Tests
    • Tuberculin Skin Test (TB Test); Two-Step TB Test
  • Table(s)
    • 7.1. Bacterial Infections and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.2. Mycobacterial Infections and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.3. Rickettsial Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.4. Parasitic Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.5. Fungal Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.6. Spirochetal Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.7. Viral Infections and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
    • 7.8. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Their Laboratory Diagnosis
• 8: Immunodiagnostic Studies
  • 8: Immunodiagnostic Studies
  • Allergy Testing
    • Allergy Testing
    • IgE Antibody, Single Allergen
    • Latex Allergy Testing (Latex-Specific IgE)
  • Autoimmune Liver Disease Tests
    • Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Binding Antibody Test
    • Antiglomerular Basement Membrane (AGBM) Antibody Test
    • Anti-Insulin Antibody Test
    • Anti-liver/Kidney Microsome Type 1 Antibody (LKM) Test
    • Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA) Test
    • Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCAs)
    • Antiparietal Cell Antibody (APCA) Test
    • Anti-smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA) Test
    • Autoimmune Liver Disease Tests
    • Gliadin Antibodies, IgA and IgG
  • Bacterial Tests
    • Bacterial Tests
    • Chlamydia Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
    • Helicobacter Pylori (HPY) IgG Antibody Serum, Stool, and Breath (PY) Test
    • Legionnaires' Disease Antibody Test
    • Lyme Disease Tests
    • Streptococcal Antibody Tests
    • Syphilis Detection Tests
  • Blood Banking Or Immunohematology Tests
    • Blood Banking Or Immunohematology Tests
    • Blood Groups (ABO Groups)
    • Coombs' Antiglobulin Test
    • Crossmatch (Compatibility Test)
    • Donated Blood Testing and Blood Processing
    • Kleihauer-Betke Test (Fetal Hemoglobin Stain)
    • Rh Antibody Titer Test
    • Rh Typing
    • Rosette Test, Fetal Red Cells (Fetomaternal Bleed)
  • Chart(s)
    • 8.1. Procedure for Donating Blood
  • Figure(s)
    • 8.1. Time Course for Appearance of Viral and Serologic Markers During Primary HIV Infection
    • 8.2. The Complement System
  • Fungal Tests
    • Aspergillus Antibody Test
    • Candida Antibody Test
    • Cryptococcus Antibody Test
    • Fungal Antibody Tests
    • Fungal Tests
  • Immunologic Tests for Immune Dysfunction and Related Disorders of the Immune Systems
    • C'1 Esterase Inhibitor (C'1 INH)
    • C3 Complement Component
    • C4 Complement Component
    • Cold Agglutinin
    • Cryoglobulin Test
    • Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE), Serum and Urine
    • Immunologic Tests for Immune Dysfunction and Related Disorders of the Immune Systems
    • Protein Electrophoresis (PEP), Serum and Urine
    • Quantitative Immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM
    • Total Hemolytic Complement (Ch (50))
  • Overview of Immunodiagnostic Studies
    • Collection of Serum for Immunologic Tests
    • Interpreting Results of Immunologic Tests
    • Overview of Immunodiagnostic Studies
    • Serologic Versus Microbiologic Methods
    • Types of Tests
  • Parasitic Tests
    • Amebiasis (Entamoeba Histolytica) Antibody Test
    • Parasitic Tests
    • Torch Test
    • Toxoplasmosis (TPM) Antibody Tests
  • Protein Chemistry Testing/Serum Proteins: Acute-Phase Proteins and Cytokines
    • α (1)-Antitrypsin
    • Ceruloplasmin
    • C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)
    • Cytokines
    • Prion Proteins
    • Protein Chemistry Testing/Serum Proteins: Acute-Phase Proteins and Cytokines
    • Tumor Markers
  • Table(s)
    • 8.1. Some Tests That Determine Antigen-Antibody Reactions
    • 8.10. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Screening for Specific Systemic Rheumatic Disease (SRD)
    • 8.11. Prevalence of Autoantibodies in Liver Disease
    • 8.12. Tumor-Specific and Tumor-Associated Agents
    • 8.13. Types of Cytokines, Cellular Origin, and Clinical Implications
    • 8.14. Antigen Values for Blood Types
    • 8.15. Relationship Between Blood Antigens and Antibodies
    • 8.16. Comparison of Terms Used in Rh System Nomenclatures
    • 8.17. Incidence and Frequency of Blood Group and Rh Type
    • 8.18. Recommendations for Dose of Rh Immune Globulin in Massive Fetomaternal Blood
    • 8.19. Antibodies Found in Crossmatching
    • 8.2. Sensitivity of Commonly Used Serologic Tests for Syphilis
    • 8.3. Nonsyphilitic Conditions Giving Biologic False-Positive Results
    • 8.4. Hepatitis Test Findings in Various Stages
    • 8.5. Summary of Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Viral Hepatitis Agents
    • 8.6. Differential Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis
    • 8.7. Viruses for Which Clinical Signs and Symptoms Mimic Hepatitis
    • 8.8. Markers That Appear After Infection
    • 8.9. Diagnostic Testing for HIV
  • Tests for Autoimmunity and Systemic Rheumatic Disease (SRD)
    • Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens (ENAs)
    • Anticentromere Antibody Test
    • Anti-double-Stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) Antibody Test, IgG
    • Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test
    • Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Thyroid Antibody Tests
    • Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM
    • Rheumatoid Factor (Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] Factor) Test
    • Tests for Autoimmunity and Systemic Rheumatic Disease (SRD)
  • Types of Transfusion Reactions
    • Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (HTR)
    • Anaphylactic Reactions
    • Bacterial Contamination
    • Bibliography
    • Circulatory Overload
    • Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions
    • Febrile Nonhemolytic (FNH) Reactions
    • Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Test
    • Leukoagglutinin Test
    • Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Reactions (NPR)
    • Platelet Antibody Detection Test
    • Types of Transfusion Reactions
  • Viral Antibody Tests to Assess Immune Status
    • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibody Test
    • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Antibodies (HSV-1 and HSV-2 Tests)
    • Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-I/II) Antibody Test
    • Measles (Rubeola) Antibody Tests
    • Mumps Antibody Tests
    • Parvovirus B-19 Antibody Test
    • Rabies Antibody Tests
    • Rubella Antibody Tests
    • Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox) Antibody Test
    • Viral Antibody Tests to Assess Immune Status
  • Viral Tests
    • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Antibody Tests
    • Hepatitis Tests
    • HIV-1/2 Tests
    • Viral Tests
• 9: Nuclear Medicine Studies
  • 9: Nuclear Medicine Studies
  • Cardiac Studies
    • Cardiac Flow Study (First-Pass Study; Shunt Imaging)
    • Cardiac Studies
    • Multigated Acquisition (MUGA) Imaging: Rest and Stress
    • Myocardial Infarction Pyrophosphate (PYP) Imaging
    • Myocardial Perfusion
  • Endocrine Studies
    • Adrenal Gland Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Imaging
    • Endocrine Studies
    • Parathyroid Imaging
    • Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Uptake Test
    • Thyroid Imaging
  • Gastrointestinal Studies
    • Gastric Emptying Imaging
    • Gastroesophageal Reflux Imaging
    • Gastrointestinal Bleeding Imaging
    • Gastrointestinal Studies
    • Hepatobiliary (Gallbladder, Biliary) Imaging with Cholecystokinin
    • Liver/Spleen Imaging and Liver RBC Imaging
    • Meckel's Diverticulum Imaging
    • Parotid (Salivary) Gland Imaging
  • Genitourinary Studies
    • Genitourinary Studies
    • Prostascint Imaging
    • Renogram
    • Testicular (Scrotal) Imaging
    • Vesicoureteric Reflux (Bladder and Ureters) Imaging
  • Inflammatory Process Imaging
    • Inflammatory Process Imaging
    • Leukocyte (WBC) Imaging (Indium- or Ceretec-Labeled WBCs)
  • Neurologic Studies
    • Brain Imaging and Cerebral Blood Flow Imaging
    • Cisternography (Cerebrospinal Fluid [CSF] Flow Imaging)
    • DaTscan Imaging
    • Neurologic Studies
  • Orthopedic Studies
    • Bone Imaging
    • Bone Mineral Density (Bone Densitometry; Osteoporosis Imaging)
    • Orthopedic Studies
  • Overview of Monoclonal Antibody Tumor Imaging
    • Antibody and Peptide Tumor Imaging
    • Breast Imaging (Scintimammography)
    • Iodine-131 Whole-Body (Total-Body) Imaging
    • Overview of Monoclonal Antibody Tumor Imaging
  • Overview of Nuclear Medicine Studies
    • Benefits and Risks
    • Clinical Considerations
    • General Procedure
    • Overview of Nuclear Medicine Studies
    • Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Considerations
    • Principles of Imaging
    • Principles of Nuclear Medicine
  • Overview of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Studies
    • Bibliography
    • Brain Imaging
    • Cardiac Imaging
    • Indications for the Test
    • Overview of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Studies
    • Tumor Imaging
  • Overview of Radionuclide (Non-Radioimmunoassay) Laboratory Studies
    • Overview of Radionuclide (Non-Radioimmunoassay) Laboratory Studies
    • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Survival Time Test
    • Total Blood Volume; Plasma Volume; Erythrocyte (RBC) Volume
  • Pulmonary Studies
    • Lung Scan (Ventilation and Perfusion Imaging)
    • Pulmonary Studies
  • Table(s)
    • 9.1. Potential Side Effects in the Administration of Radiopharmaceuticals
  • Tumor Imaging Studies
    • Gallium ([67]ga) Imaging
    • Tumor Imaging Studies
• 10: X-Ray and Computed Tomography (CT) Studies
  • 10: X-Ray and Computed Tomography (CT) Studies
  • Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents
    • Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents
    • Clinical Considerations When Barium Contrast Is Used
    • Clinical Considerations When Iodine Contrast Agents Are Used
  • Chart(s)
    • 10.1. Comparisons of Core Needle and Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy
    • 10.2. Clinical Note
    • 10.3. Tests Used to Examine the Urinary System
  • Computed Tomography (CT)
    • Bibliography
    • Computed Tomography (CT)
    • Computed Tomography (CT) of the Body
    • Computed Tomography (CT) of the Head and Neck; Brain, Eyes, and Sinus
  • Contrast X-Rays/Radiography
    • Angiography (Digital Subtraction Angiography, Transvenous Digital Subtraction, Vascular X-Ray)
    • Arthrography (Joint X-Ray)
    • Bile Duct X-Ray (Cholangiography)
    • Colon X-Ray: Defecography; Barium Enema; Air Contrast Study
    • Contrast X-Ray of the Stomach
    • Contrast X-Rays/Radiography
    • Hysterosalpingography (Uterine and Fallopian Tube X-Rays)
    • Intravenous Urography (IVU)
    • Lymphangiography (X-Rays of Lymph Nodes and Vessels)
    • Myelogram
    • Retrograde Pyelography
    • Small Bowel X-Ray: Intestinal Radiography and Fluoroscopy
  • Figure(s)
    • 10.1. Half of All Breast Cancers Develop in the Upper Outer Section
    • 10.2. Examples of Whole Breast Compression (A) and Spot Compression (B)
    • 10.3. Approximate Size of Tumors Found by Mammography Compared to Commonly Used Coins
    • 10.4. Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner Showing Patient Position, x-Ray Tube, and Detectors
  • Overview of X-Ray Studies
  • Plain (Conventional) X-Rays/Radiography
    • Abdominal X-Ray
    • Chest X-Ray
    • Mammography (Breast X-Ray)
    • Orthopedic X-Ray: Bones, Joints, and Supporting Structures
    • Plain (Conventional) X-Rays/Radiography
  • Risks of Radiation
    • General Precautions
    • Precautions to Be Used with Pregnant Patients
    • Responsibilities in Ordering, Scheduling, and Sequencing X-Ray Examinations
    • Risks of Radiation
    • Safety Measures
  • Table(s)
    • 10.1. Signs, Symptoms, and Incidence of Reactions to Iodine Contrast Media
    • 10.2. Principal Early Effects of Radiation Exposure on Humans and Approximate Threshold Dose
    • 10.3. Relative Risk for Childhood Leukemia After Irradiation in Utero by Trimester
    • 10.4. Summary of Effects After 10 Radians in Utero
    • 10.5. Representative Radiation Quantities From Various Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures
    • 10.6. Likelihood of Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Next 10 Years
  • Use of Contrast Agents
• 11: Cytologic, Histologic, and Genetic Studies
  • 11: Cytologic, Histologic, and Genetic Studies
  • Chart(s)
    • 11.1. Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical-Vaginal Diagnoses
    • 11.2. Types of Genetic Disorders
    • 11.3. Definition and Nomenclature of Karyotype
    • 11.4. Disorders Currently Detectable Through Newborn Screening
  • Cytogenetics
    • Chromosomal Analysis
    • Cytogenetics
    • Newborn Screening for Congenital Disorders
    • Special Chromosomal Studies
  • Cytologic and Histologic Studies
    • Anal Smears: Cytologic (Cell) Study
    • Aspirated Breast Cysts and Nipple Discharge
    • Breast Biopsy
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Cytologic (Cell) Study
    • Cytologic and Histologic Studies
    • Ductal Lavage of Breast Cells (Cytologic) Study
    • Effusions (Thoracentesis and Paracentesis): Cytologic (Cell) Study
    • Estrogen/Estradiol Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) Histologic (Tissue) Study and DNA Ploidy (Tumor Aneuploidy)
    • Fine-Needle Aspirates: Cytologic (Cell) and Histologic (Tissue) Study
    • Gastrointestinal Tract: Cytologic (Cell) and Histologic (Tissue) Study
    • Histologic (Tissue) Biopsy Studies
    • Kidney Biopsy: Cytologic (Cell) and Histologic (Tissue) Study
    • Liver Biopsy: Cytologic (Cell) and Histologic (Tissue) Study
    • Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear
    • Respiratory Tract: Cytologic (Cell) and Histologic (Tissue) Study
    • Sentinel Node Location Before Biopsy (Breast, Melanoma)
    • Skin/Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy
    • Urine: Cytologic (Cell) Study
  • Figure(s)
    • 11.1. A Ductal Lavage Microcatheter
    • 11.2. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA High-Risk and Low-Risk Subtypes and Their Relationship
    • 11.3. Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear Procedure (A); Normal Cells (B); and Malignant Cells (C)
    • 11.4. Sample Cytopathology Report
  • Genetic Studies
    • Direct Detection of Abnormal Genes by DNA Testing
    • Genetic Studies
  • Overview of Cytologic (Cells) and Histologic (Tissue) Studies
    • Cytologic Studies
    • Histologic Studies
    • Overview of Cytologic (Cells) and Histologic (Tissue) Studies
  • Overview of Genetic Studies
    • Genetic Counseling
    • Indications for Testing
    • Inheritance in Human Disorders
    • Overview of Genetic Studies
  • Special Types of Genetic Studies
    • Bibliography
    • Biochemical Genetics
    • Pharmacogenomics
    • Population Genetics
    • Special Types of Genetic Studies
  • Table(s)
    • 11.1. Nucleic Acid Testing Performed in Gynecologic Cytology
    • 11.2. Useful Information from a Single Biopsy Specimen
    • 11.3. Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women
    • 11.4. Recommendations for Liquid-Based Cytology and HPV Testing
    • 11.5. Further Testing After Abnormal Results of Pap Testing
    • 11.6. Comparison of Exudate and Transudate Effusions
• 12: Endoscopic Studies
  • 12: Endoscopic Studies
  • Figure(s)
    • 12.1. Fiberoptic Bronchoscope (Olympus BF Type P60)
    • 12.2. View of the Airway through a Bronchoscope
  • Overview of Endoscopic Studies
    • Arthroscopy
    • Bibliography
    • Bronchoscopy
    • Colonoscopy, Virtual Colonoscopy (VC), Optical Colonoscopy
    • Colposcopy
    • Cystoscopy (Cystourethroscopy)
    • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and Manometry
    • Enteroscopy, Virtual Enteroscopy
    • Esophageal Manometry
    • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
    • Flexible Proctoscopy; Sigmoidoscopy; Proctosigmoidoscopy
    • Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP), Cone Biopsy, Cervical Conization
    • Mediastinoscopy
    • Overview of Endoscopic Studies
    • Peritoneoscopy; Laparoscopy; Pelviscopy; Fertiloscopy
    • Sinus Endoscopy
    • Thoracoscopy
    • Urodynamic Studies
  • Table(s)
    • 12.1. Correlation of Colposcopic and Histologic (Tissue) Findings
    • 12.2. Pros and Cons of Colposcopy and Cytology (Examination of Cells)
• 13: Ultrasound Studies
  • 13: Ultrasound Studies
  • Abdominal Ultrasounds
    • Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound
    • Abdominal Ultrasound
    • Abdominal Ultrasounds
    • Hepatobiliary Ultrasound
    • Kidney (Renal) Ultrasound
    • Urinary Bladder Ultrasound
  • Cardiac Ultrasound Studies
    • Bibliography
    • Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiogram; Doppler Echocardiography)
    • Cardiac Ultrasound Studies
    • Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
  • Chart(s)
    • 13.1. Uses of Ultrasound
    • 13.2. Major Uses of Obstetric UltrasoundLevels I and II
  • Figure(s)
    • 13.1. Placement of Transducer During Portable Bladder Scan
    • 13.2. Blood Velocity Tracings Show Direction, Phasicity, Pulsatility, and Resistivity of Flow
  • Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasounds
    • Fetal Echocardiography (Fetal Doppler)
    • Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasounds
    • Obstetric Sonogram
    • Pelvic Gynecologic Ultrasound
  • Other Body Structure Ultrasounds
    • Breast Ultrasound
    • Eye and Orbit Ultrasounds
    • Other Body Structure Ultrasounds
    • Prostate Ultrasound (Transurethral Ultrasound)
    • Scrotal Ultrasound
    • Thyroid Ultrasound (Neck Ultrasound)
  • Overview of Ultrasound Studies
    • Implications of Ultrasound Studies
    • Overview of Ultrasound Studies
    • Principles and Techniques
  • Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Duplex Scans)
    • Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) and Segmental Pressures
    • Cerebrovascular Ultrasound (Carotid and Vertebral Arteries) Duplex Scans
    • Peripheral Arterial Doppler Studies
    • Peripheral Venous Doppler Studies
    • Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Duplex Scans)
• 14: Pulmonary Function, Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs), and Electrolyte Studies
  • 14: Pulmonary Function, Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs), and Electrolyte Studies
  • Airway Flow Rates
    • Airway Flow Rates
    • Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
    • Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate (PIFR)
    • Spirometry, Forced Expiratory Maneuver Volume-Time Spirogram (V-T Tracing)
  • Chart(s)
    • 14.1. Gas Volumes: Symbols and Abbreviations
    • 14.2. Combinations of Symbols and Abbreviations
    • 14.3. Lung Volume Symbols: Pulmonary Function Terminology
    • 14.4. Miscellaneous Symbols
  • Electrolyte Tests
    • Bibliography
    • Calcium (Ca[2+])
    • Chloride (Cl[-])
    • Electrolyte Tests
    • Magnesium (Mg[2+])
    • Osmolality and Water-Load Test (Water-Loading Antidiuretic Hormone [ADH] Suppression Test)
    • Phosphate (P); Inorganic Phosphorus (Po (4))
    • Potassium (K[+])
    • Sodium (Na[+])
    • Sweat Test
  • Figure(s)
    • 14.1. Pulmonary Function Report of a 47-Year-Old Woman Whose Chief Complaint is Shortness of Breath
    • 14.2. Orbit Portable Spirometer
    • 14.3. Subdivisions of Lung Volume in the Normal Adult Male
    • 14.4. Vmax Autobox Whole-Body Plethysmograph
    • 14.5. ABL800 FLEX Blood Gas Analyzer
    • 14.6. Pulse Oximeters
    • 14.7. Potassium Changes Reflected on Electrocardiogram
  • Gas Exchange (Diffusing Capacity), Transfer Factor
    • Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (Dlco, DL), Diffusing Capacity, Transfer Factor
    • Gas Exchange (Diffusing Capacity), Transfer Factor
  • Lung Volumes and Capacities
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
    • Lung Volumes and Capacities
    • Residual Volume (RV)
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
    • Vital Capacity (VC)
  • Other Pulmonary Function Tests
    • Body Plethysmography
    • Bronchial Provocation: Methacholine Challenge, Histamine Challenge
    • Carbon Dioxide (CO (2)) Response
    • Closing Volume (CV)
    • Exercise Stress Testing, Maximum Oxygen Consumption (O (2max)) Test
    • Maximal Respiratory Pressure (MRP), Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)
    • Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)
    • Other Pulmonary Function Tests
    • Volume of Isoflow (V (ISO) V)
  • Overview of Blood Gases, Acid-Base Balance, and Oxygenation Status
    • Alveolar-to-Arterial Oxygen Gradient (A-aDo (2))
    • Anion Gap (AG)
    • Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Tests
    • Base Excess or Deficit
    • Blood pH
    • Carbon Dioxide (CO (2)) Content; Total Carbon Dioxide (Tco(2))
    • Lactic Acid (Lactate)
    • Overview of Blood Gases, Acid-Base Balance, and Oxygenation Status
    • Oxygen Content (Co (2))
    • Oxygen Saturation (So (2))
    • Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Pco (2))
    • Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Po (2)), Brain Tissue (Pbto(2))
  • Overview of Pulmonary Function Tests
    • Classification of Tests
    • Indications for Tests
    • Overview of Pulmonary Function Tests
    • Pulmonary Physiology
    • Purpose of Tests
    • Symbols and Abbreviations
  • Table(s)
    • 14.1. Conditions That Affect Ventilation
    • 14.2. Ventilatory and Arterial Blood Gas Responses to Graded Exercise
    • 14.3. Normal Values for Commonly Ordered Arterial Blood Gas and Electrolyte Studies
    • 14.4. Summary of Ventilatory and Acid-Base Changes in Four Underlying Conditions of Acid-Base Imbalance
    • 14.5. Subclassification of Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (Hypobicarbonatemia)
    • 14.6. Classification of Anion Gap Metabolic Alkalosis (Hyperbicarbonatemia) on the Basis of Urinary Excretion
    • 14.7. Normal Values for Calcium
• 15: Prenatal Diagnosis and Tests of Fetal Well-Being
  • 15: Prenatal Diagnosis and Tests of Fetal Well-Being
  • Additional Measurements
    • Additional Measurements
    • Bibliography
    • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Alcohol in Pregnancy
    • Fetal Nuchal Translucency (FNT)
    • Fetal Oxygen Saturation (FSpo (2)) Monitoring
    • Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening
  • Amniotic Fluid Studies
    • Amniocentesis
    • Amniotic Fluid Alpha (1)-Fetoprotein (AFP)
    • Amniotic Fluid and Desaturated Phosphatidylcholine (DSPC)
    • Amniotic Fluid Bilirubin Optical Density (OD)
    • Amniotic Fluid Color
    • Amniotic Fluid Creatinine
    • Amniotic Fluid Fern Test
    • Amniotic Fluid Foam Stability Index (FSI)
    • Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)
    • Amniotic Fluid Lecithin-to-Sphingomyelin (L/S) Ratio, Surfactant-to-Albumin (S/A) Ratio, Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Surfactant Components), Lamellar Body Counts
    • Amniotic Fluid Shake Test (Foam Stability Test)
    • Amniotic Fluid Studies
    • Amniotic Fluid Total Volume
    • Placental Alpha Macroglobulin-1 Protein Assay (Amnisure)
  • Chart(s)
    • 15.1. Characteristics for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • First and Second Trimester Screening
    • Circulating Cell-Free DNA
    • Estriol (E (3))
    • Fetal Fibronectin (fFN)
    • First and Second Trimester Screening
    • Hormone Testing
    • Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) (Chorionic Somatomammotropin)
    • Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MS-AFP)
  • Overview of Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Table(s)
    • 15.1. Maternal Fetal Testing During Pregnancy
  • Tests to Predict Fetal Outcome and Risk for Intrauterine Asphyxia
    • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
    • Continuous Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Monitoring
    • Contraction Stress Test (CST)
    • Fetal Activity Acceleration Determination (FAD)
    • Fetal Biophysical Profile (FBP) (Biophysical Profile [BPP])
    • Fetoscopy
    • Nonstress Test (NST)
    • Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT)
    • Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS) (Cordocentesis)
    • Tests to Predict Fetal Outcome and Risk for Intrauterine Asphyxia
• 16: Special Diagnostic Studies
  • 16: Special Diagnostic Studies
  • Brain and Nervous System
    • Brain and Nervous System
    • Brain Mapping: Computed Tomography (CT)
    • Cognitive Tests: Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Epilepsy/Seizure Monitoring
    • Electromyography (EMG); Electroneurography; Electromyoneurogram (EMNG)
    • Electronystagmogram (ENG)
    • Evoked Responses/Potentials
  • Chart(s)
    • 16.1. Wave and Standard Deviation Measurements for Evoked Response/Potential
    • 16.2. Grading of Coronary Occlusions
    • 16.3. Cardiac Treatment Procedures
    • 16.4. Features of Interventional or Therapeutic Electrophysiology (EP) Studies
    • 16.5. Advantages of Open Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Figure(s)
    • 16.1. Humphrey Field Analyzer II-i and Visual Field Grid
    • 16.2. Patient Report of a Single Visual Field Analysis of the Right Eye
    • 16.3. Commonly Measured Complex Components
    • 16.4. His Bundle Electrogram
    • 16.5. Electrocardiogram Electrode Placement
    • 16.6. Sample of a Cardiac Catheterization Report
    • 16.7. Discovery MR750w Wide-Bore Scanner
    • 16.8. Optima MR430s Extremity Scanner
    • 16.9. Polysomnography Study in a Laboratory Environment
  • Heart
    • Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography (Angiocardiography, Coronary Arteriography)
    • Cardiac Event Monitoring
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and Vectorcardiogram
    • Electrophysiology (EP) Studies; His Bundle Procedure
    • Heart
    • Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram (SAE)
    • Stress Test/Exercise Testing (Graded Exercise Tolerance Test), Submaximal Effort
    • Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
  • Other Organs and Body Functions
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Other Organs and Body Functions
  • Overview of Special Diagnostic Studies
  • Sleep Studies
    • Bibliography
    • Classification of Tests-Sleep Studies
    • Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) Titration
    • Polysomnography (PSG)
    • Sleep Studies
    • Sleepiness Test
    • Types and Indications of Tests
  • Table(s)
    • 16.1. Comparison of the Electrocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram
  • The Eye
    • Electroretinography (ERG)
    • Eye and Orbit (Ophthalmic) Ultrasound
    • Fluorescein Angiography (FA)
    • Retinal Nerve Fiber Analysis
    • The Eye
    • Visual Field Testing
• Appendices
  • A: Standard Precautions for Prevention and Control of Infection
    • A.1. Needle Safety Device - Fig
    • A.1. Pandemic Severity Index - Chart(s)
    • A.2. Pandemics are Assigned One of Five Categories of Increasing Severity (Category 1 to 5) - Fig
    • A: Standard Precautions for Prevention and Control of Infection
    • Bibliography
    • Common Categories of Body Substances
    • Disposal of Medical Wastes - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • General Environmental Cautions - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • Handwashing Protocols - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • Hepatitis B Virus - Risk for Infection After Occupational Exposure
    • Hepatitis C Virus - Risk for Infection After Occupational Exposure
    • HIV - Risk for Infection After Occupational Exposure
    • If a Blood Exposure Occurs
    • In Case of Exposure to HIV or Hepatitis B Virus - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • Introduction
    • Pandemic Preparedness
    • Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • Placement of Warning Tags and Signs - Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
    • Protocols for First Responders
    • Risk for Infection After Occupational Exposure
    • Safe Practice
    • Safe Practice Domains for Specific Situations
    • Standard Precautions, Guidelines, and Practices for Specific Situations
  • B: Guidelines for Specimen Transport and Storage
    • B.1. Definitions of Substances and Diagnostic Specimens - Chart(s)
    • B.1. Proper Technique for Packaging and Shipping Clinical Specimens Using Triple Packaging System - Fig
    • B.1. Transporting, Packaging, and Mailing Specimens - Table
    • B.2. Classification of Substances and Specimens - Chart(s)
    • B.2. Etiologic Agents Logo - Fig
    • B.3. Examples of Category A Infectious Substances - Chart(s)
    • B.3. Infectious Substance Label - Fig
    • B: Guidelines for Specimen Transport and Storage
    • Bibliography
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shipping Instructions
    • Collecting Specimens - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shipping Instructions
    • Introduction
    • Labeling Specimens - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shipping Instructions
    • Packaging Specimens - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shipping Instructions
    • Shipping Specimens - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shipping Instructions
  • C: Vitamins in Human Nutrition
    • Bibliography
    • C.1. Vitamin Levels and Ranges - Table
    • C: Vitamins in Human Nutrition
    • Clinical Implications - Vitamin Testing
    • Interfering Factors - Vitamin Testing
    • Interventions - Vitamin Testing
    • Procedure - Vitamin Testing
    • Reference Values - Vitamin Testing
    • Vitamin Testing
  • D: Minerals in Human Nutrition
    • Bibliography
    • Clinical Implications - Mineral Testing
    • D.1. Mineral Levels and Ranges - Table
    • D: Minerals in Human Nutrition
    • Interfering Factors - Mineral Testing
    • Interventions - Mineral Testing
    • Mineral Testing
    • Procedure - Mineral Testing
    • Reference Values - Mineral Testing
  • E: Effects of Drugs on Laboratory Tests (Blood, Whole Plasma, Serum, Stool, and Urine)
    • Bibliography
    • Discoloration of Feces Caused by Drugs - Drugs and Laboratory Test Outcomes
    • Discoloration of Urine Caused by Drugs - Drugs and Laboratory Test Outcomes
    • Drugs and Laboratory Test Outcomes
    • E.1. Effects of the Most Commonly Used Drugs on Frequently Ordered Laboratory Tests - Table
    • E: Effects of Drugs on Laboratory Tests (Blood, Whole Plasma, Serum, Stool, and Urine)
• Front Matter
  • Contributors, Consultants, and Research Assistants
  • Preface
    • Acknowledgments
    • Chapter Content and Features
    • Current Developments in Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
    • Organization
    • Preface
    • Purpose
    • Revisions and Additions to the Tenth Edition
  • Reviewers