Table of Contents

• Free Topics
  • About
  • Acute Pancreatitis
  • Balancing Acids and Bases
  • Balancing Electrolytes
  • Balancing Fluids
  • Box - How Medications Affect Nephron Activity
  • Box - Medications Associated with Hyponatremia
  • Burns
  • Excessive GI Fluid Loss
  • Flowchart - Regulating Sodium and Water
  • Flowchart - What Happens in SIADH
  • Heat-Related Health Alterations
  • When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
  • When Chloride Tips the Balance
  • When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
• I. Balancing Basics
  • 1. Balancing Fluids
    • 1. Balancing Fluids
    • B - 01-01. Sites Involved in Fluid Loss
    • B - 01-02. Fluid Compartments
    • B - 01-03. The Evaporation of Time
    • B - 01-04. Understanding Isotonic Fluids
    • B - 01-05. Understanding Hypotonic Fluids
    • B - 01-06. Understanding Hypertonic Fluids
    • B - 01-07. Fluid Tips
    • B - 01-08. Understanding Diffusion
    • B - 01-09. Understanding Active Transport
    • B - 01-10. Understanding Osmosis
    • B - 01-11. Fluid Movement through Capillaries
    • B - 01-12. Albumin Magnetism
    • B - 01-13. The Higher the Rate, the Greater the Waste
    • B - 01-14. How Antidiuretic Hormone Works
    • B - 01-15. Aldosterone Production
    • B - 01-16. How Aldosterone Works
    • B - 01-17. How Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Works
    • B - 01-18. Dehydration in Older Adults
    • B - 01-19. Balancing Fluids Review
  • 2. Balancing Electrolytes
    • 2. Balancing Electrolytes
    • B - 02-01. Looking on the Plus and Minus Sides
    • B - 02-02. Understanding Electrolytes
    • B - 02-03. Interpreting Serum Electrolyte Test Results
    • B - 02-04. Documenting Electrolyte Imbalances
    • B - 02-05. Who's at Risk?
    • B - 02-06. How the Nephron Regulates Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
    • B - 02-07. How Medications Affect Nephron Activity
    • B - 02-08. IV Fluid Components
    • B - 02-09. COVID-19
    • B - 02-10. Balancing Electrolytes Review
  • 3. Balancing Acids and Bases
    • 3. Balancing Acids and Bases
    • B - 03-01. Understanding Normal pH
    • B - 03-02. Understanding Acidosis
    • B - 03-03. Understanding Alkalosis
    • B - 03-04. Carbon Dioxide and Hyperventilation
    • B - 03-05. Acid-Base Balance Across the Life Span
    • B - 03-06. Taking an ABG Sample
    • B - 03-07. Quick Look at ABG Results
    • B - 03-08. Inaccurate ABG Results
    • B - 03-09. Crossing the Great Anion Gap
    • B - 03-10. Acid-Base Imbalances and COVID-19
    • B - 03-11. Balancing Acids and Bases Review
• II. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
  • 10. When Chloride Tips the Balance
    • 10. When Chloride Tips the Balance
    • B - 10-01. Dietary Sources of Chloride
    • B - 10-02. Chloride and Bicarbonate
    • B - 10-03. Dangerous Development
    • B - 10-04. Hypochloremic Alkalosis in Infants
    • B - 10-05. Medications Associated with Hypochloremia
    • B - 10-06. Danger Signs of Hypochloremia
    • B - 10-07. When Treatment Doesn't Work
    • B - 10-08. Teaching About Hypochloremia
    • B - 10-09. Documenting Hypochloremia
    • B - 10-10. Medications Associated with Hyperchloremia
    • B - 10-11. Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 10-12. Diuretics to the Rescue
    • B - 10-13. Teaching About Hyperchloremia
    • B - 10-14. Documenting Hyperchloremia
    • B - 10-15. Chloride Imbalances Review
    • B - 10-16. COVID-19 and Chloride Considerations: When Cleaning Solutions Could Be Harmful
  • 11. When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
    • 11. When Acids and Bases Tip the Balance
    • B - 11-01. The Abcs of Abgs
    • B - 11-02. What Happens in Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-03. Medications Associated with Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-04. Infants and Acidosis
    • B - 11-05. Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-06. ABG Results in Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-07. Teaching About Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-08. Documenting Respiratory Acidosis
    • B - 11-09. Medications Associated with Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-10. What Happens in Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-11. Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-12. ABG Results in Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-13. Teaching About Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-14. Documenting Respiratory Alkalosis
    • B - 11-15. What Happens in Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 11-16. Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 11-17. ABG Results in Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 11-18. A Look at Lactic Acidosis
    • B - 11-19. Acidosis and Dopamine
    • B - 11-20. Teaching About Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 11-21. Documenting Metabolic Acidosis
    • B - 11-22. What Happens in Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-23. Medications Associated with Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-24. Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-25. ABG Results in Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-26. Teaching About Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-27. Documenting Metabolic Alkalosis
    • B - 11-28. Acid and Base Imbalances and COVID-19
    • B - 11-29. Acid-Base Imbalances Review
  • 4. When Fluids Tip the Balance
    • 4. When Fluids Tip the Balance
    • B - 04-01. Positioning a Blood Pressure Cuff
    • B - 04-02. Correcting Problems of Blood Pressure Measurement
    • B - 04-03. How to Take a Doppler Blood Pressure
    • B - 04-04. Pulmonary Artery Catheter Ports
    • B - 04-05. Estimating CVP
    • B - 04-06. Different but the Same
    • B - 04-07. Danger Signs of Dehydration
    • B - 04-08. Teaching About Dehydration
    • B - 04-09. Documenting Dehydration
    • B - 04-10. Danger Signs of Hypovolemia
    • B - 04-11. Hemodynamic Values in Hypovolemic Shock
    • B - 04-12. Teaching About Hypovolemia
    • B - 04-13. Documenting Hypovolemia
    • B - 04-14. Evaluating Pitting Edema
    • B - 04-15. How Pulmonary Edema Develops
    • B - 04-16. Understanding CRRT
    • B - 04-17. Teaching About Hypervolemia
    • B - 04-18. Documenting Hypervolemia
    • B - 04-19. Teaching About Water Intoxication
    • B - 04-20. Documenting Water Intoxication
    • B - 04-21. Fluid Imbalances Review
  • 5. When Sodium Tips the Balance
    • 5. When Sodium Tips the Balance
    • B - 05-01. Dietary Sources of Sodium
    • B - 05-02. Regulating Sodium and Water
    • B - 05-03. Sodium-Potassium Pump
    • B - 05-04. Fluid Movement in Hyponatremia
    • B - 05-05. Medications Associated with Hyponatremia
    • B - 05-06. What Happens in SIADH
    • B - 05-07. Fluid Movement in Hypernatremia
    • B - 05-08. Infants, Children, Older Adult Patients, and Those Who are Critically Ill at Risk
    • B - 05-09. Medications Associated with Hypernatremia
    • B - 05-10. Documenting Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
    • B - 05-11. Teaching About Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
    • B - 05-12. Sodium Imbalances Review
  • 6. When Potassium Tips the Balance
    • 6. When Potassium Tips the Balance
    • B - 06-01. Potassium's Role in Acid-Base Balance
    • B - 06-02. Dietary Sources of Potassium
    • B - 06-03. Common Causes of Hypokalemia in the Old and Young
    • B - 06-04. Medications Associated with Hypokalemia
    • B - 06-05. Danger Signs of Hypokalemia
    • B - 06-06. ECG Pattern of Hypokalemia
    • B - 06-07. When Treatment Doesn't Work
    • B - 06-08. Safety Alert!
    • B - 06-09. Guidelines for IV Potassium Administration
    • B - 06-10. Hyperkalemia in Premature Infants and Older Adult Patients
    • B - 06-11. Medications Associated with Hyperkalemia
    • B - 06-12. Make Sure the Results are True
    • B - 06-13. ECG Pattern of Hyperkalemia
    • B - 06-14. Calcium Alert!
    • B - 06-15. The Next Step
    • B - 06-16. Teaching About Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia
    • B - 06-17. Documenting Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia
    • B - 06-18. Potassium Imbalances Review
  • 7. When Magnesium Tips the Balance
    • 7. When Magnesium Tips the Balance
    • B - 07-01. At Different Levels
    • B - 07-02. Dietary Sources of Magnesium
    • B - 07-03. Danger Signs of Low Magnesium Levels
    • B - 07-04. Medications Associated with Hypomagnesemia
    • B - 07-05. Identifying Hypomagnesemia
    • B - 07-06. Grading Dtrs
    • B - 07-07. Check the Label
    • B - 07-08. Teaching About Hypomagnesemia
    • B - 07-09. Infusing Magnesium Sulfate
    • B - 07-10. Preventing Medication Errors
    • B - 07-11. Documenting Hypomagnesemia
    • B - 07-12. Medications and Supplements Associated with Hypermagnesemia
    • B - 07-13. Signs and Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
    • B - 07-14. If Treatment Doesn't Work
    • B - 07-15. Teaching About Hypermagnesemia
    • B - 07-16. Testing the Patellar Reflex
    • B - 07-17. Documenting Hypermagnesemia
    • B - 07-18. Magnesium Imbalances Review
  • 8. When Calcium Tips the Balance
    • 8. When Calcium Tips the Balance
    • B - 08-01. Calcium Levels by Age
    • B - 08-02. Calculating Calcium and Albumin Levels
    • B - 08-03. Dietary Sources of Calcium
    • B - 08-04. Calcium in Balance
    • B - 08-05. Hypocalcemia in Older Adult Patients
    • B - 08-06. Medications Associated with Hypocalcemia
    • B - 08-07. Checking for Trousseau and Chvostek Signs
    • B - 08-08. Administering IV Calcium Safely
    • B - 08-09. When Treatment for Hypocalcemia Doesn't Work
    • B - 08-10. Teaching About Hypocalcemia
    • B - 08-11. Documenting Hypocalcemia
    • B - 08-12. Medications Associated with Hypercalcemia
    • B - 08-13. Danger Signs of Hypercalcemia
    • B - 08-14. When Treatment for Hypercalcemia Doesn't Work
    • B - 08-15. Teaching About Hypercalcemia
    • B - 08-16. Documenting Hypercalcemia
    • B - 08-17. Balancing Fluids Review
  • 9. When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
    • 9. When Phosphorus Tips the Balance
    • B - 09-01. Dietary Sources of Phosphorus
    • B - 09-02. Pth and Phosphorus
    • B - 09-03. Older Adult Patients at Risk
    • B - 09-04. Obtaining Serum Phosphorous Samples
    • B - 09-05. Medications Associated with Hypophosphatemia
    • B - 09-06. When Dietary Changes Aren't Working
    • B - 09-07. Teaching About Hypophosphatemia
    • B - 09-08. Documenting Hypophosphatemia
    • B - 09-09. Medications Associated with Hyperphosphatemia
    • B - 09-10. Cow's Milk and Hyperphosphatemia
    • B - 09-11. A Look at Calcification
    • B - 09-12. When Dietary Changes Aren't Enough
    • B - 09-13. Teaching About Hyperphosphatemia
    • B - 09-14. Documenting Hyperphosphatemia
    • B - 09-15. Phosphorus Imbalances Review
• III. Disorders that Cause Imbalances
  • 12. Heat-Related Health Alterations
    • 12. Heat-Related Health Alterations
    • B - 12-01. Most Common Medications that Can Cause Heat-Related Health Alterations
    • B - 12-02. Teaching About Heat-Related Health Alterations
    • B - 12-03. Age-Related Heat-Related Health Alteration Risk
    • B - 12-04. Documenting Heat-Related Health Alterations
    • B - 12-05. Heat-Related Health Alterations Review
  • 13. Heart Failure
    • 13. Heart Failure
    • B - 13-01. Left-Sided Heart Failure
    • B - 13-02. Right-Sided Heart Failure
    • B - 13-03. Recognizing Advanced Heart Failure
    • B - 13-04. Medications Commonly Seen in Patients with Heart Failure
    • B - 13-05. Documenting Heart Failure
    • B - 13-06. Teaching About Heart Failure
    • B - 13-07. Heart Failure Review
  • 14. Respiratory Failure
    • 14. Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-01. What Happens in Acute Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-02. Causes of Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-03. Recognizing Worsening Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-04. Positioning Patients with Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-05. Teaching About Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-06. Documenting Respiratory Failure
    • B - 14-07. Respiratory Failure Review
  • 15. Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • 15. Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-01. Imbalances Caused by Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-02. Characteristics and Causes of Vomiting
    • B - 15-03. Adolescents and Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-04. Recognizing Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-05. Teaching About Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-06. Don't Go Too Fast with Fluids
    • B - 15-07. Documenting Excessive GI Fluid Loss
    • B - 15-08. Excessive GI Fluid Loss Review
    • B - 15-09. Teaching About Diet Changes
  • 16. Acute Pancreatitis
    • 16. Acute Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-01. Functions of the Pancreas
    • B - 16-02. Edematous Vs. Necrotizing
    • B - 16-03. Chronic Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-04. Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-05. Complications of Acute Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-06. Ranson Criteria
    • B - 16-07. The Balthazar Score: A CT Scan Severity Index
    • B - 16-08. Teaching About Acute Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-09. Documenting Acute Pancreatitis
    • B - 16-10. Acute Pancreatitis Review
  • 17. Kidney Failure
    • 17. Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-01. Causes of Acute Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-02. Laboratory Results Associated with Acute Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-03. Recognizing Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-04. Age-Related Kidney Changes
    • B - 17-05. Emergency Treatment of Hyperkalemia
    • B - 17-06. Teaching About Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-07. Documenting Kidney Failure
    • B - 17-08. Kidney Failure Review
  • 18. Burns
    • 18. Burns
    • B - 18-01. Estimating the Extent of a Burn
    • B - 18-02. Fluid Replacement Formula
    • B - 18-03. Emergency Burn Care
    • B - 18-04. Teaching About Burns
    • B - 18-05. Documenting Burn Care
    • B - 18-06. Burns Review
    • B - 18-07. Special Considerations for COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients
• IV. Treating Imbalances
  • 19. IV Fluid Replacement
    • 19. IV Fluid Replacement
    • B - 19-01. Comparing Fluid Tonicity
    • B - 19-02. A Look at IV Solutions
    • B - 19-03. Managing Fluid Status in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
    • B - 19-04. Documenting an IV Infusion
    • B - 19-05. Teaching About IV Therapy
    • B - 19-06. IV Fluid Replacement Review
  • 20. Total Parenteral Nutrition
    • 20. Total Parenteral Nutrition
    • B - 20-01. Understanding Common TPN Additives
    • B - 20-02. Key Facts About Ppn
    • B - 20-03. Adverse Reactions to Lipid Emulsions
    • B - 20-04. Teaching About TPN
    • B - 20-05. Documenting TPN
    • B - 20-06. Total Parenteral Nutrition Review
• Appendices
  • Common Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Older Adult Patients
  • Common Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Pediatric Patients
  • Practice Makes Perfect
    • Glossary
    • Practice Makes Perfect
    • References
  • Transfusing Blood and Selected Components
• Front Matter
  • Foreword