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Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine
Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Toxicoses
Table of Contents
Free Topics
1. Differential Diagnoses for AD
Abdominal Distention in the Adult Horse
Abdominocentesis-Increased Peritoneal Fluid
Abortion, Spontaneous, Infectious
About the Companion Website
Acer Rubrum (Red Maple) Toxicosis
Acute Adult Abdominal Pain-Acute Colic
Acute Hepatitis in Adult Horses (Theiler Disease)
Adrenal Insufficiency
Alkalosis, Metabolic
Alopecia
Anemia
Anemia, Iron Deficiency
Angular Limb Deformity
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis
Artificial Insemination
Atopic Dermatitis
Azotemia and Uremia
Bile Acids
Biosecurity, Disinfectants in the Breeding Shed
Bradyarrhythmias
Burdock Pappus Bristle Keratopathy
Calculator - Bicarbonate Deficit
Calculator - Fractional Excretion of Electrolytes
Castration, Henderson Castration Instrument
Chloride, Hypochloremia
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Weight Loss
Clostridium Difficile Infection
Coagulation Defects, Inherited
Colic in Foals
Consulting Editors
Contributors
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid
Dermatomycoses, Superficial
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Dorsal Metacarpal Bone Disease
Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis)
Eclampsia
Endometritis
Eosinophilic Enteritis
Equine Herpesvirus 5
Equine Oocytes and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Equine Recurrent Uveitis
Exudative Optic Neuropathy
Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (FTPI)
Fever
Fluid Therapy, Neonate
Getah Virus Infection
Guttural Pouch Tympany
Hemangiosarcoma
Hemorrhage, Chronic
Hepatic Abscess and Septic Cholangiohepatitis
High-Risk Pregnancy
Hydrops Allantois/Amnion
Immunoglobulin Deficiencies
Influenza
Intra-Abdominal Hemorrhage in Horses
Isocoma Pluriflora Toxicosis
Laminitis
Lavender Foal Syndrome
Lens Opacities/Cataracts
Lethal White Foal Syndrome
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis
Mercury Toxicosis
Methemoglobin
Mitral Regurgitation
Multiple Myeloma
Nutrition in Foals
Omphalophlebitis
Ovulation Failure
Pancytopenia
Pastern Dermatitis
Penile Paralysis
Petechiae, Ecchymoses, and Hematomas
Photic Headshaking
Placenta Basics
Pleuropneumonia
Polyneuritis Equi
Preface
Premature Placental Separation
Behavior
Aggression
Excessive Maternal Behavior/Foal Stealing
Fear
Learning, Training, and Behavior Problems
Locomotor Stereotypic Behaviors
Maternal Foal Rejection
Oral Stereotypic Behavior
Self-Mutilation
Stallion Sexual Behavior Problems
Weaning Separation Stress
Cardiology
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Rupture
Aortoiliac Thrombosis
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Septal Defect
Bradyarrhythmias
Complex Congenital Cardiac Disease
Endocarditis, Infective
Exercise-Associated Arrhythmias
Figure(s)
1. Base-Apex Lead 25 mm/S, 5 mm = 1 mV.
2. Conducted (Arrow) and Unconducted (Arrowhead) SVPDsâthe Premature P Waves Differ Slightly from Those of Sinus Origin Whereas All QRS are the Same; Base-Apex Lead, 25 mm/S, 5 mm = 1 mV
3. Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia or Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm (AIVR)âthe VPDs (R) Have the Same Configuration and Have No Relationship to the P Wave; Base-Apex Lead 25 mm/S, 5 mm = 1 mV.
4. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardiaâ4 VPDs (Arrows) with 2 Configurations that Differ from Those of Sinus Origin (Arrowheads); Base-Apex Lead 25 mm/S, 5 mm = 1 mV.
Ionophore Toxicosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Myocardial Disease
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Pericarditis
Supraventricular Arrhythmias
Thrombophlebitis
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Dermatology
Alopecia
Atopic Dermatitis
Aural Plaques
Bacterial Dermatitis-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci
Chronic Progressive Lymphedema
Cutaneous Photosensitization
Dermatomycoses, Subcutaneous (SC)
Dermatomycoses, Superficial
Dermatophilosis
Ectoparasites
Equine Sarcoidosis
Figure(s)
1. Chorioptes.
2. Localized Sarcoidosis.
3. Severe Leucocytoclastic Pastern Vascultitis of Both Hind Limbs.
4. Histology of a Small Superficial Dermal Vessel with Thickening and Degenerative Changes of the Vessel Wall. Neutrophils are Present Within the Vessel Wall (Arrow).
5. Lower Limbs are Protected by a Cotton Elasticated Surgical Tubular Stockinette.
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
Insect Hypersensitivity
Leukocytoclastic Pastern Vasculitis
Melanoma
Multisystemic Eosinophilic Epitheliotropic Disease
Papillomatosis
Pastern Dermatitis
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Sarcoid
Table(s)
1. Differential Diagnoses for AD
2. Antihistamines and Their Dose Recommended for Equine Dermatitis
Urticaria
Endocrine
Acute Hepatitis in Adult Horses (Theiler Disease)
Adrenal Insufficiency
Anhidrosis
Cholelithiasis
Disorders of the Thyroid, Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)/Insulin Dysregulation (ID)
Glucose Tolerance Tests
Goiter
Hyperlipidemia/Hyperlipemia
Hyperthermia
Icterus (Prehepatic, Hepatic, Posthepatic)
Insulin Levels/Insulin Tolerance Test
Magnesium Disorders
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT)
Pheochromocytoma
Photosensitization
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter
Thyroid Tumors
Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Tests
Gastroenterology
Abdominal Distention in the Adult Horse
Abdominal Hernia in Adult Horses
Acute Adult Abdominal Pain-Acute Colic
Anorexia and Decreased Food Intake
Ascarid Infestation
Bruxism
Chronic Diarrhea
Chronic Weight Loss
Clostridium Difficile Infection
Coccidiosis
Colic, Chronic/Recurrent
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyathostominosis
Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis)
Endotoxemia
Enterolithiasis
Eosinophilic Enteritis
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis
Esophageal Obstruction (Choke)
Figure(s)
1. Pony with Severe Eotrh in Dorsal Recumbency Under General Anesthesia Intubated with a Nasotracheal Tube. Note the Severe Bulbous Enlargement of Dental Structures.
Gastric Dilation/Distention
Gastric Impaction
Gastric Neoplasia
Gastric Ulcers and Erosions (Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome, EGUS)
Granulomatous Enteritis
Grass Sickness
Hepatic Abscess and Septic Cholangiohepatitis
Idiopathic Colitis/Typhlitis
Ileal Hypertrophy
Ileus
Impaction
Internal Abdominal Abscesses
Intestinal Absorption Tests
Intra-Abdominal Hemorrhage in Horses
Large Colon Torsion
Lawsonia Intracellularis Infections in Foals
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis
Malabsorption
Melena and Hematochezia
Oral Neoplasia
Oral Ulcers
Pancreatic Disease
Periodontal Disease
Peritonitis
Pica
Potomac Horse Fever (PHF)
Probiotics in Foals and Horses
Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE)
Ptyalism
Rectal Prolapse
Rectal Tears
Regurgitation/Vomiting/Dysphagia
Retained Deciduous Teeth
Right and Left Dorsal Displacement of the Colon
Right Dorsal Colitis
Salmonellosis
Sand Impaction and Enteropathy
Small Intestinal Obstruction
Tenesmus
Toxic Hepatopathy
Hematopoietic
Acute-Phase Response
Anaphylaxis
Anemia
Anemia, Chronic Disease
Anemia, Heinz Body
Anemia, Immune Mediated
Anemia, Iron Deficiency
Blood and Plasma Transfusion Reactions
Coagulation Defects, Acquired
Coagulation Defects, Inherited
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Eosinophilia and Basophilia
Hemangiosarcoma
Hemorrhage, Acute
Hemorrhage, Chronic
Immunoglobulin Deficiencies
Immunosuppression
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphocytosis
Lymphopenia
Lymphosarcoma
Methemoglobin
Monocytosis
Multiple Myeloma
Myeloproliferative Diseases
Neutropenia
Neutrophilia
Pancytopenia
Petechiae, Ecchymoses, and Hematomas
Polycythemia
Protein, Hyperproteinemia
Protein, Hypoproteinemia
Purpura Haemorrhagica
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Splenomegaly
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
Infectious Diseases
Actinobacillosis
Adenovirus
African Horse Sickness
Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Anthrax
Bacteremia/Sepsis
Bordetella Bronchiseptica
Brucellosis
Clostridial Myositis
Coccidioidomycosis
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis
Equine Coronavirus
Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Equine Herpesvirus 5
Fever
Getah Virus Infection
Glanders
Hendra Virus
Herpesvirus 3
Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4
Infectious Anemia (EIA)
Influenza
Leptospirosis
Lyme Disease
Mastitis
Piroplasmosis
Rhodococcus Equi (Prescottella Equi)
Rotavirus
Streptococcus Equi Infection
Tetanus
Trypanosomiasis
Tuberculosis
Vaccination Protocols
Vesicular Stomatitis
Viral Arteritis (EVA)
Laboratory Tests
Abdominocentesis-Increased Peritoneal Fluid
Acidosis, Metabolic
Acidosis, Respiratory
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Alkalosis, Metabolic
Alkalosis, Respiratory
Ammonia, Hyperammonemia
Amylase, Lipase, and Trypsin
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Azotemia and Uremia
Bile Acids
Bilirubin (Hyperbilirubinemia)
Blood Culture
Calcium, Hypercalcemia
Calcium, Hypocalcemia
Chloride, Hyperchloremia
Chloride, Hypochloremia
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid
Cytology of Pleural Fluid
Cytology of Tracheal Aspiration (TA) Fluid
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Glucose, Hyperglycemia
Glucose, Hypoglycemia
Hypoxemia
Magnesium (Mg[2+])
Osmolality, Hyperosmolality
Phosphorus, Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphorus, Hypophosphatemia
Plasma Proteins
Potassium, Hyperkalemia
Potassium, Hypokalemia
Serum Amyloid A (SAA)
Sodium, Hypernatremia
Sodium, Hyponatremia
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH)
Synovial Fluid
Urinalysis (U/A)
Musculoskeletal
Atypical Myopathy
Back Pain
Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Disease
Distal Tarsitis
Dorsal Metacarpal Bone Disease
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Infectious Arthritis (Nonhematogenous)
Laminitis
Metacarpo- (Metatarso-)Phalangeal Joint Disease
Navicular Syndrome
Osteoarthritis
Osteochondrosis
Penetrating Injuries to the Foot
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
Solar Abscess
Stress Fractures
Suspensory Desmitis
Tendonitis
Upward Fixation of the Patella
Neonatology
Angular Limb Deformity
Cleft Palate
Colic in Foals
Congenital Cardiac Abnormalities
Diarrhea, Neonate
Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (FTPI)
Flexural Limb Deformity
Fluid Therapy, Neonate
Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Gastric Ulcers, Neonate
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency
Hernias (Umbilical and Inguinal)
Lavender Foal Syndrome
Lethal White Foal Syndrome
Meconium Retention
Meningitis, Neonate
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome
Nutrition in Foals
Nutritional Myodegeneration
Omphalophlebitis
Patent Urachus
Pneumonia, Neonate
Prematurity/Dysmaturity in Foals
Resuscitation, Neonate
Rib Fractures in Foals
Seizures in Foals
Septic Arthritis, Neonate
Septicemia, Neonate
Tyzzer Disease (Clostridium Piliforme)
Uroperitoneum, Neonate
Neurology
Botulism
Cerebellar Abiotrophy
Cervical Vertebral Malformation
Ear Tick-Associated Muscle Cramping
Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE) Equine Encephalitides
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy
Equine Motor Neuron Disease
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
Head Trauma
Headshaking
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hydrocephalus
Intracarotid Injections
Leukoencephalomalacia
Narcolepsy and Cataplexy
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia
Polyneuritis Equi
Rabies
Seizure Disorders
Septic Meningoencephalomyelitis
Shivers (Shivering)
Stringhalt
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
Verminous Meningoencephalomyelitis
West Nile Virus
Ophthalmology
Burdock Pappus Bristle Keratopathy
Calcific Band Keratopathy
Chorioretinitis
Conjunctival Diseases
Corneal Stromal Abscesses
Corneal Ulceration
Corneal/Scleral Lacerations
Dacryocystitis
Diseases of the Equine Nictitans
Eosinophilic Keratitis
Equine Recurrent Uveitis
Exudative Optic Neuropathy
Eyelid Diseases
Glaucoma
Immune-Mediated Keratitis
Iris Prolapse
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Lens Opacities/Cataracts
Ocular Examination
Ocular Problems in the Neonate
Ocular/Adnexal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Optic Nerve Atrophy
Orbital Disease
Periocular Sarcoid
Photic Headshaking
Proliferative Optic Neuropathy
Stationary Night Blindness
Superficial Non-Healing Ulcers
Ulcerative Keratomycosis
Viral (Herpes) Keratitis (Putative)
Vision
Respiratory
Acute Epiglottiditis
Arytenoid Chondropathy
Aspiration Pneumonia
Atheroma of the False Nostril
Cough, Acute/Chronic
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP)
Dynamic Collapse of the Upper Airways
Epiglottic Entrapment
Equine Asthma
Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)
Expiratory Dyspnea
Fungal Pneumonia
Guttural Pouch Empyema
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
Guttural Pouch Tympany
Heaves (Severe Equine Asthma, RAO)
Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge
Inflammatory Airway Disease - IAD in Performance Horses
Inspiratory Dyspnea
Laryngeal Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia (Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy)
Lungworm-Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia
Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Pharyngitis)
Pleuropneumonia
Pneumothorax
Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma (PEH)
Purulent Nasal Discharge
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Foals
Sinusitis (Paranasal)
Summer Pasture-Associated Equine Asthma (Pasture Asthma)
Thoracic Trauma
Tumors of the Respiratory System
Sports Medicine
Exercise Intolerance in Sport Horses
Fractures in Endurance Horses
Metabolic Disorders in Endurance Horses
Theriogenology
Abnormal Estrus Intervals
Abnormal Scrotal Enlargement
Abnormal Testicular Size
Abortion, Spontaneous, Infectious
Abortion, Spontaneous, Noninfectious
Agalactia/Hypogalactia
Anestrus
Artificial Insemination
Biosecurity, Disinfectants in the Breeding Shed
Broad Ligament Hematoma
Castration, Henderson Castration Instrument
Castration, Routine
Cervical Lesions
Clitoral Enlargement
Conception Failure in Mares
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
Cryptorchidism
Delayed Uterine Involution
Disorders of Sexual Development
Dourine
Dystocia
Early Embryonic Death
Eclampsia
Embryo Transfer
Endometrial Biopsy
Endometritis
Equine Oocytes and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Fetal Stress/Distress/Viability
Hemospermia
High-Risk Pregnancy
Hydrops Allantois/Amnion
Large Ovary Syndrome
Ovulation Failure
Paraphimosis
Penile Lacerations
Penile Paralysis
Penile Vesicles, Erosions, and Tumors
Perineal Lacerations/Recto-Vaginal-Vestibular Fistulas
Phimosis
Placenta Basics
Placental Insufficiency
Placentitis
Pneumovagina/Pneumouterus
Postpartum Metritis
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Premature Placental Separation
Prepubic Tendon Rupture
Priapism
Prolonged Diestrus
Prolonged Pregnancy
Removal and Shipment of Ovaries for Postmortem ICSI
Retained Fetal Membranes
Spermatogenesis and Factors Affecting Sperm Production
Table(s)
1. Blood Hormone Evaluations
Teratoma
Twin Pregnancy
Urine Pooling/Urovagina
Uterine Inertia
Uterine Torsion
Vaginal Prolapse
Vaginitis and Vaginal Discharge
Vitrification of Equine Embryos
Vulvar Conformation
Toxicology
Acer Rubrum (Red Maple) Toxicosis
Aflatoxicosis
Amitraz Toxicosis
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis
Arsenic Toxicosis
Blue-Green Algae
Cantharidin Toxicosis
Cardiotoxic Plants
Centaurea and Acroptilon Toxicosis
Cestrum Diurnum Toxicosis
Conium Maculatum (Poison Hemlock) Toxicosis
Cyanide Toxicosis
Dicoumarol (Moldy Sweet Clover) Toxicosis
Fescue Toxicosis
Fumonisins
Fusaria
Iron Toxicosis
Isocoma Pluriflora Toxicosis
Juglans Nigra (Black Walnut) Toxicosis
Lantana Camara Toxicosis
Lead (Pb) Toxicosis
Malicious Intoxication
Mercury Toxicosis
Metaldehyde Toxicosis
Methylxanthine Toxicosis
Monensin Toxicosis
Nerium Oleander (Oleander) Toxicosis
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis
Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicosis
Panicum Coloratum (Kleingrass) Toxicosis
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Toxicosis
Poisoning (Intoxication)-General Principles
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis
Quercus Spp. (Oak) Toxicosis
Robinia Pseudoacacia (Black Locust) Toxicosis
Seasonal Pasture Myopathy/Atypical Myopathy
Selenium Intoxication
Slaframine Toxicosis
Smoke Inhalation
Snake Envenomation
Solanum Spp. (Nightshade) Toxicosis
Soluble Oxalate Toxicosis
Sorghum Spp. Toxicosis
Spider Envenomation
Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Toxicoses
Trifolium Hybridum Toxicosis
Tropane Alkaloids Toxicosis
Vicia Villosa (Hairy Vetch) Toxicosis
Urinary
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
Anuria/Oliguria
Chronic Kidney Disease
Pigmenturia (Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and Myoglobinuria)
Polyuria (PU) and Polydipsia (PD)
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urolithiasis
Front Matter
About the Companion Website
Consulting Editors
Contributors
Preface
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Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Toxicoses
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