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Nurse's Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Bone Biopsy
Table of Contents
Free Topics
Hematocrit
Osmotic Fragility
Partial Thromboplastin Time/Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Plasma Fibrinogen
Red Blood Cell Enzymes
Reticulocyte Count
Stained Red Blood Cell Examination
II Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
16. Endoscopic Studies
16. Endoscopic Studies
Endoscopic Procedures
Endoscopic Procedures - Amnioscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Arthroscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Bronchoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Colonoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Colposcopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Culdoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Cystoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic Procedures - Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Laparoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Laryngoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Mediastinoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Proctosigmoidoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures - Thoracoscopy
F - 16-1. Standard rigid endoscope
F - 16-10. Culdoscopy Figure
F - 16-11. Gastrointestinal laparoscopy
F - 16-12. Gynecologic laparoscopy
F - 16-13. Arthroscopy of the knee
F - 16-2. Fiber-optic endoscope
F - 16-3. Cross-section view of the fiber-optic endoscope
F - 16-4. Indirect laryngoscopy
F - 16-5. Bronchoscopy with fiber-optic endoscope
F - 16-6. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with fiber-optic endoscope
F - 16-7. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography - Figure
F - 16-8. Colonoscopy with fiber-optic endoscope
F - 16-9. Cystourethroscopy Figure
Introduction
References
17. Radiologic Studies
17. Radiologic Studies
Cineradiography
Contrast-Mediated Studies
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Antegrade Pyelography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Arthrography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Barium Enema
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Barium Swallow
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Bronchography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Hysterosalpingography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Intravenous Cholangiography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Intravenous Pyelogram
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Myelography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Operative Cholangiography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Oral Cholecystography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Retrograde Cystography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Retrograde Ureteropyelography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Retrograde Urethrography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Sialography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - T-Tube Cholangiography
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Upper Gastrointestinal Series
Contrast-Mediated Studies - Radiologic Studies - Voiding Cystourethrography
F - 17-1. Cranial and facial bones; cervical spine
F - 17-2. Posterior-anterior view for chest radiograph
F - 17-3. Left lateral view for chest radiograph
F - 17-4. Supine position for abdominal radiograph
F - 17-5. Thoracic and lumbosacral spine and rib cage
F - 17-6. Bones of the extremities
F - 17-7. Placement of T-tube in common bile duct
F - 17-8. Placement of needle in the bile duct in the liver
Fluoroscopy
Introduction
Plain Films
Plain Films - Abdominal Films
Plain Films - Cardiac Films
Plain Films - Chest Films
Plain Films - Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry)
Plain Films - Extremity Films
Plain Films - Obstruction Series
Plain Films - Orbital Films
Plain Films - Paranasal Sinus Films
Plain Films - Pelvimetry
Plain Films - Skull Films
Plain Films - Spinal Films
Radiation Exposure Risks
References
T - 17-1. Adverse Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media
Tomography
Tomography - Radiologic Studies
Tomography - Radiologic Studies - Chest Tomography
Tomography - Radiologic Studies - Paranasal Sinus Tomography
Xeroradiography
Xeroradiography - Radiologic Studies
Xeroradiography - Radiologic Studies - Mammography
18. Radiologic Angiography Studies
18. Radiologic Angiography Studies
Angiographic Procedures
Angiographic Procedures - Adrenal Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Cardiac Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Cerebral Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Fluorescein Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Hepatic and Portal Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Lower Extremity Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Lymphangiography
Angiographic Procedures - Mesenteric Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Pulmonary Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Renal Angiography
Angiographic Procedures - Upper Extremity Angiography
Angiography Risks
Conventional Film Angiography
Digital Subtraction Angiography
F - 18-1. Catheters used in angiography with selected tips
F - 18-2. Coronary arteries and large vessels
F - 18-3. Carotid, vertebral, and cerebral vessels
F - 18-4. Hepatic arterial vessels
F - 18-5. Abdominal aorta, superior and inferior mesenteric arterial vessels
F - 18-6. Hand and wrist arterial vessels
F - 18-7. Leg and foot arterial and venous vessels
Introduction
References
19. Ultrasound Studies
19. Ultrasound Studies
Doppler Procedures
Doppler Procedures - Arterial Doppler Carotid Studies
Doppler Procedures - Arterial Doppler Extremity Studies
Doppler Procedures - Arterial Doppler Transcranial Studies
Doppler Procedures - Venous Doppler Extremity Studies
Doppler Ultrasound Technique
F - 19-1. Doppler ultrasound device to detect blood flow velocity
Introduction
References
T - 19-1. Overview of Doppler Ultrasound Studies
Ultrasound Procedures
Ultrasound Procedures - Abdominal/Aortic Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Bladder Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Breast Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Echocardiography
Ultrasound Procedures - Echoencephalography
Ultrasound Procedures - Kidney Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Liver/Biliary System Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Lymph Nodes/Retroperitoneal Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Obstetric Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Ocular Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Pancreatic Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Pelvic Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Prostate Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Scrotal Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Spleen Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Thoracic Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Thyroid/Parathyroid Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Procedures - Transesophageal Echocardiography
Ultrasound Risks
20. Nuclear Scan and Laboratory Studies
20. Nuclear Scan and Laboratory Studies
F - 20-1. Normal platelet survival
Introduction
Nuclear Scanning Risks
Positron Emission Tomography
Radionuclide Laboratory Studies
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Platelet Survival Time Study
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Radioactive Iodine Uptake Study
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Red Blood Cell Survival Time Study
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Schilling Test
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Thyroid Cytomel/Perchlorate Suppression Studies
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Study
Radionuclide-Mediated Laboratory Studies - Total Blood Volume Study
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Abscess/Inflammatory Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Adrenal Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Bone and Joint Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Bone Marrow Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Brain Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Cardiac Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Deep Vein Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Gallbladder/Biliary System Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Gallium 67 Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Gastric Emptying Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Gastrointestinal Reflux Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Iodine 131 Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Kidney/Renography Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Liver Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Lung Scanning (Ventilation-Perfusion Scanning)
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Meckel's Diverticulum Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Pancreas Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Parathyroid Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Parotid/Salivary Gland Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Pheochromocytoma Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Positron Emission Tomography
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Scrotal Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Spleen Scanning
Radionuclide-Mediated Scanning Studies - Thyroid Scanning
References
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
T - 20-1. Radionuclides/Radiopharmaceuticals and Diagnostic Scanning Uses
T - 20-2. Classifications of Hemolytic Anemias
21. Non-Nuclear Scan Studies
21. Non-Nuclear Scan Studies
Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Abdominal Scanning
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Body Scanning
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Head and Intracranial Scanning
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Neck and Spinal Scanning
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Pelvic Scanning
Computed Tomography Scanning Studies - Thoracic Scanning
Introduction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Abdominal MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Angiography MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Body MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Head and Intracranial MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Heart and Chest MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Non-Nuclear Scan Studies - Musculoskeletal MRI
References
22. Manometric Studies
22. Manometric Studies
Esophageal Studies
Esophageal Studies - Esophageal Manometry
Fetoplacental Adequacy Studies
Fetoplacental Adequacy Studies - Contraction Stress Test
Introduction
Plethysmography
Plethysmography - Arterial Plethysmography
Plethysmography - Body Plethysmography
Plethysmography - Oculoplethysmography
Plethysmography - Venous Plethysmography
References
T - 22-1. Types and Effects of Neurogenic Bladder
Urodynamic Studies
Urodynamic Studies - Cystometry
Urodynamic Studies - Urethral Pressure Profile
Urodynamic Studies - Uroflowmetry
23. Electrophysiologic Studies
23. Electrophysiologic Studies
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electrocardiography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electroencephalography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electromyography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electroneurography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electronystagmography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electro-Oculography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Electroretinography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Evoked Brain Potentials
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Exercise ECG
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Holter ECG
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Pelvic Floor Sphincter Electromyography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Phonocardiography
Electrodiagnostic Studies - Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography
F - 23-1. Wave, interval, and segment of the cardiac cycle
Introduction
References
24. Studies of Specific Organs or Systems
24. Studies of Specific Organs or Systems
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System - Cardiac Catheterization Study
Cardiovascular System - Cold Stimulation Test
Cardiovascular System - His Bundle Evoked Potential Study
Cardiovascular System - Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Study
F - 24-1. Insertion sites and routes of left and right side heart catheterization
Introduction
Neurological System
Neurological System - Acoustic Admittance Tests
Neurological System - Color Perception Tests
Neurological System - Corneal Staining Test
Neurological System - Hearing Loss Audiometry
Neurological System - Hearing Loss Tuning Fork Tests
Neurological System - Otoneural Lesion Site Tests
Neurological System - Otoneurological Tests
Neurological System - Refraction
Neurological System - Schirmer Tearing Test
Neurological System - Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
Neurological System - Spinal Nerve Root Thermography
Neurological System - Spondee Speech Reception Threshold Test
Neurological System - Tensilon Test
Neurological System - Tonometry
Neurological System - Visual Acuity Tests
Neurological System - Visual Field Tests
Pulmonary System
Pulmonary System - Exercise Pulmonary Function Study
Pulmonary System - Oximetry
Pulmonary System - Pulmonary Function Study
Pulmonary System - Sweat Test
References
25. Skin Tests
25. Skin Tests
Introduction
References
Tests for Allergens
Tests for Allergens - Intradermal Tests for Allergens
Tests for Allergens - Patch Tests for Allergens
Tests for Allergens - Scratch Tests for Allergens
Tests for Immune Competence
Tests for Infectious Diseases
Tests for Infectious Diseases - Histoplasmosis/Coccidioidomycosis/Blastomycosis Skin Tests
Tests for Infectious Diseases - Mumps Test
Tests for Infectious Diseases - Trichinosis/Toxoplasmosis Skin Tests
Tests for Infectious Diseases - Tuberculin Tests
Appendices
I. Obtaining Various Types of Blood Specimens
II. Obtaining Various Types of Urine Specimens
III. Guidelines for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals
IV. Units of Measurement (Including SI Units)
Tables
A-1 Types of Vacuumized Tubes for Blood Tests
A-2 Chem-20 Health Profile with some Organ Associations of Each Analyte
V. Profile or Panel Groupings and Laboratory Tests
VI. Nursing Care Plan for Individuals Experiencing Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing
I Laboratory Tests
1. Hematology and Tests of Hematopoietic Function
1. Hematology and Tests of Hematopoietic Function
Complete Blood Count
Erythrocyte Studies
Erythrocyte Studies - Erythrocyte (RBC) Count
Erythrocyte Studies - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Erythrocyte Studies - Hematocrit
Erythrocyte Studies - Hemoglobin
Erythrocyte Studies - Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Erythrocyte Studies - Osmotic Fragility
Erythrocyte Studies - Red Blood Cell Enzymes
Erythrocyte Studies - Red Blood Cell Indices
Erythrocyte Studies - Stained Red Blood Cell Examination
F - 1-1. Location of active marrow growth in the fetus and adult
F - 1-3. Serum ferritin levels according to sex and age
F - 1-4. Changes in hemoglobin with development
F - 1-5. Formation of manual and abnormal hemoglobin
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis - Evaluation of Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis - Evaluation of Hematopoiesis - Bone Marrow Examination
Hematopoiesis - Evaluation of Hematopoiesis - Iron Studies
Hematopoiesis - Evaluation of Hematopoiesis - Reticulocyte Count
Hematopoiesis - Evaluation of Hematopoiesis - Vitamin B(12) and Folic Acid Studies
Introduction
Leukocyte Studies
Leukocyte Studies - Differential White Blood Cell Count
Leukocyte Studies - White Blood Cell Count
Leukocyte Studies - White Blood Cell Enzymes
References
T - 1-1. Causes of Tissue Hypoxia that may Stimulate Erythropoietin Release
T - 1-10. Causes of Altered Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rates
T - 1-11. Causes of Altered White Blood Cell Differential by Cell Type
T - 1-12. Causes of Alterations in White Blood Cell Enzymes
T - 1-2. Causes of Altered Leukopoiesis
T - 1-3. Causes of Alterations in Bone Marrow Cells
T - 1-4. Reference Values for Complete Blood Count
T - 1-5. Drugs that may Cause Blood Dyscrasias
T - 1-6. Classification of Anemias
T - 1-7. Red Blood Cell Abnormalities Seen on Stained Smear
T - 1-8. Types of Abnormal Red Blood Cell Inclusions and their Causes
T - 1-9. Causes of Altered Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility
10. Amniotic Fluid Analysis
10. Amniotic Fluid Analysis
F - 10-1. Amniocentesis with needle placement
Introduction
References
Tests of Amniotic Fluid
Tests of Amniotic Fluid - Tests for Fetal Maturity
Tests of Amniotic Fluid - Tests for Genetic and Neural Tube Defects
Tests of Amniotic Fluid - Tests for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
11. Semen Analysis
11. Semen Analysis
F - 11-1. Diagram of male genitalia
F - 11-2. Abnormal sperm morphology
Introduction
References
Tests of Semen
Tests of Semen - Tests for Fertility
Tests of Semen - Tests for the Presence of Semen
12. Analysis of Gastric and Duodenal Secretions
12. Analysis of Gastric and Duodenal Secretions
Introduction
References
Tests of Duodenal Secretions
Tests of Duodenal Secretions - Analysis of Duodenal Contents
Tests of Duodenal Secretions - Duodenal Stimulation Tests
Tests of Gastric Secretions
Tests of Gastric Secretions - Analysis of Gastric Contents
Tests of Gastric Secretions - Tests of Gastric Acidity
13. Fecal Analysis
13. Fecal Analysis
Introduction
References
T - 13-1. Normal and Abnormal Gross Characteristics of Feces
T - 13-2. Conditions Associated with Gastrointestinal Bleeding
T - 13-3. Types of Diarrhea
Tests of Feces
Tests of Feces - Microbiologic Tests of Feces
Tests of Feces - Microscopic Analysis of Feces
Tests of Feces - Tests for Specific Substances in Feces
14. Analysis of Cells and Tissues
14. Analysis of Cells and Tissues
F - 14-1. Types of biopsy needles
Introduction
References
Tests of Cells and Tissues
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Biopsy of Bladder/Ureter
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Bone Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Breast Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Cervical Punch Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Chorionic Villus Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Intestinal Biopsy (Small Intestine)
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Liver Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Lung Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Lymph Node Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Muscle Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Papanicolaou Smear
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Pleural Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Prostate Gland Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy)
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Skin Biopsy
Tests of Cells and Tissues - Thyroid Gland Biopsy
15. Culture and Sensitivity Tests
15. Culture and Sensitivity Tests
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Cultures
Introduction
References
Specimen Collection Requirements
Specimen Collection Requirements - Blood Culture
Specimen Collection Requirements - Eye and Ear Cultures
Specimen Collection Requirements - Genital and Anal Cultures
Specimen Collection Requirements - Nose and Throat Cultures
Specimen Collection Requirements - Skin Culture
Specimen Collection Requirements - Wound Culture
2. Hemostasis and Tests of Hemostatic Functions
2. Hemostasis and Tests of Hemostatic Functions
Antagonists to Hemostasis
Coagulation
Coagulation Studies
Coagulation Studies - Euglobulin Lysis Time
Coagulation Studies - Factor Assays
Coagulation Studies - Fibrin Split Products
Coagulation Studies - Partial Thromboplastin Time/Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Coagulation Studies - Plasma Fibrinogen
Coagulation Studies - Prothrombin Consumption Time
Coagulation Studies - Prothrombin Time
Coagulation Studies - Thrombin Clotting Time
Coagulation Studies - Whole Blood Clotting Time (Coagulation Time, Lee-White Coagulation Time)
Introduction
Platelet Function
Platelet Studies
Platelet Studies - Bleeding Time
Platelet Studies - Clot Retraction Test
Platelet Studies - Platelet Aggregation Test
Platelet Studies - Platelet Count
Platelet Studies - Rumple-Leeds Capillary Fragility Test (Tourniquet Test)
References
T - 2-1. Clotting Factors
T - 2-2. Overview of Causes of Altered Platelet Function
T - 2-3. Causes of Altered Platelet Levels
T - 2-4. Causes of Prolonged Bleeding Time
T - 2-5. Drugs that Impair Platelet Aggregation
T - 2-6. Causes of Positive Rumple-Leeds Capillary Fragility Test
T - 2-7. States Associated with Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
Vascular Activity
3. Immunology and Immunologic Testing
3. Immunology and Immunologic Testing
Autoantibody Tests
F - 3-1. Balance between helper and suppressor activities
F - 3-2. The relationship between the T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte systems
F - 3-3. Cellular blocks in the normal maturation of lymphocytes
F - 3-4. Responses of mature lymphocytes to antigens
F - 3-5. Serum protein electrophoretic patterns
Immunologic Antibody Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Bacterial Infection Antibody Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Bacterial Infection Antibody Tests - Febrile/Cold Agglutinin Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Bacterial Infection Antibody Tests - Staphylococcal Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Bacterial Infection Antibody Tests - Streptococcal Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Fungal Infection Antibody Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Syphilis Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Syphilis Tests - Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Syphilis Tests - Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and Rapid Plasma Reagin Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Viral Infection Antibody Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Viral Infection Antibody Tests - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Viral Infection Antibody Tests - Hepatitis Tests
Immunologic Antibody Tests - Viral Infection Antibody Tests - Infectious Mononucleosis Tests
Immunologic Tests Related to Cancer
Immunologic Tests Related to Cancer - CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CA 50, and CA 125 Antigen Tests
Immunologic Tests Related to Cancer - Carcinoembryonic Antigen Test
Immunologic Tests Related to Cancer - Serum α-Fetoprotein Test
Introduction
Radioallergosorbent Test for IgE
References
T - 3-1. Causes of Altered Levels of T and B Lymphocytes
T - 3-10. Commonly Performed Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Recent Bacterial Infections
T - 3-11. Febrile Agglutinin Tests
T - 3-12. Causes of False-Positive Reactions to Reagin Tests
T - 3-13. Tests for Viral Diseases
T - 3-14. Cancer Tests and Tumor Markers
T - 3-15. Causes of Alterations in CEA Levels
T - 3-2. Disorders Associated with Abnormal T-Cell Subsets
T - 3-3. Immunoglobulins
T - 3-5. Causes of Alterations in C3 and C4 Levels
T - 3-6. Summary of Autoantibody-Related Disorders and Tests Used in Diagnosis
T - 3-7. Cell- and Tissue-Specific Antibodies
T - 3-8. Drugs that may Cause False-Positive Reactions in Autoantibody Tests
T - 3-9. Fungal and Parasitic Immunologic Tests
Tests of Lymphocyte Functions
Tests of Lymphocyte Functions - Immunoblast Transformation Tests
Tests of Lymphocyte Functions - Immunoglobulin Assays
Tests of Lymphocyte Functions - T- and B-Lymphocyte Assays
Tests of the Complement System
Tests of the Complement System - Immune Complex Assays
Tests of the Complement System - Serum Complement Assays
4. Immunohematology and Blood Banking
4. Immunohematology and Blood Banking
ABO Blood Typing
Antiglobulin Tests (Coombs' Tests)
Antiglobulin Tests (Coombs' Tests) - Direct Antiglobulin Test
Antiglobulin Tests (Coombs' Tests) - Indirect Antiglobulin Test
Human Leukocyte Antigen Test
Introduction
References
Rh Typing
T - 4-1. Antigens and Antibodies in ABO Blood Groups
T - 4-2. Drugs that may Cause Positive Results in Direct Antiglobulin Tests
T - 4-3. Diseases Associated with Human Leukocyte Antigens
5. Blood Chemistry
5. Blood Chemistry
Arterial Blood Gases
Bilirubin
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates - Blood Glucose (Serum Glucose, Plasma Glucose)
Carbohydrates - Glucose Tolerance Tests
Carbohydrates - Glucose Tolerance Tests - Cortisone Glucose Tolerance Test
Carbohydrates - Glucose Tolerance Tests - Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
Carbohydrates - Glucose Tolerance Tests - Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Carbohydrates - Glycosylated Hemoglobin
Carbohydrates - Tolbutamide Tolerance Test
Carbohydrates - Two-Hour Postprandial Blood Glucose (Postprandial Blood Sugar)
Drugs and Toxic Substances
Electrolytes
Electrolytes - Anion Gap
Electrolytes - Serum Bicarbonate
Electrolytes - Serum Calcium
Electrolytes - Serum Chloride
Electrolytes - Serum Magnesium
Electrolytes - Serum Osmolality
Electrolytes - Serum Phosphorus/Phosphate
Electrolytes - Serum Potassium
Electrolytes - Serum Sodium
Enzymes
Enzymes - α-Hydroxybutyric Dehydrogenase
Enzymes - Acid Phosphatase
Enzymes - Alanine Aminotransferase
Enzymes - Aldolase
Enzymes - Alkaline Phosphatase
Enzymes - Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes
Enzymes - Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes - 5'-Nucleotidase
Enzymes - Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes - gama-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
Enzymes - Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes - Leucine Aminopeptidase
Enzymes - Aspartate Aminotransferase
Enzymes - Cholinesterases
Enzymes - Creatine Phosphokinase and Isoenzymes
Enzymes - Hexosaminidase
Enzymes - Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Enzymes - Lactic Dehydrogenase and Isoenzymes
Enzymes - Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
Enzymes - Prostate-Specific Antigen
Enzymes - Renin
Enzymes - Serum Amylase
Enzymes - Serum Lipase
Enzymes - Troponin Levels
Hormones
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones - Aldosterone
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones - Aldosterone Challenge Tests
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones - Catecholamines
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones - Cortisol
Hormones - Adrenal Hormones - Cortisol/ACTH Challenge Tests
Hormones - Gastric and Intestinal Hormones
Hormones - Gastric and Intestinal Hormones - Gastrin
Hormones - Gonadal Hormones
Hormones - Gonadal Hormones - Estrogens
Hormones - Gonadal Hormones - Progesterone
Hormones - Gonadal Hormones - Testosterone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Antidiuretic Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - FSH/LH Challenge Tests
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Growth Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Growth Hormone Suppression Test
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Luteinizing Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Prolactin
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Hormones - Hypophyseal Hormones - TSH Stimulation Test
Hormones - Pancreatic Hormones
Hormones - Pancreatic Hormones - C-Peptide
Hormones - Pancreatic Hormones - Glucagon
Hormones - Pancreatic Hormones - Insulin
Hormones - Placental Hormones
Hormones - Placental Hormones - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Hormones - Placental Hormones - Human Placental Lactogen
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Calcitonin
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Parathyroid Hormone
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - T(3) Uptake
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Thyroxine
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Hormones - Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones - Triiodothyronine
Introduction
Lipids
Lipids - Free Fatty Acids
Lipids - Lipoprotein and Cholesterol Fractionation
Lipids - Lipoprotein Phenotyping
Lipids - Phospholipids
Lipids - Total Cholesterol
Lipids - Triglycerides
Proteins
Proteins - α(1)-Antitrypsin Test
Proteins - Binding Proteins
Proteins - Binding Proteins - Ceruloplasmin
Proteins - Binding Proteins - Haptoglobin
Proteins - Protein Metabolites
Proteins - Protein Metabolites - Ammonia
Proteins - Protein Metabolites - Serum Creatine
Proteins - Protein Metabolites - Serum Creatinine
Proteins - Protein Metabolites - Urea Nitrogen
Proteins - Protein Metabolites - Uric Acid
Proteins - Serum Proteins
References
T - 5-1. Hormones that Influence Blood Glucose Levels
T - 5-10. Lipoprotein Composition
T - 5-11. Factors Associated with Altered Free Fatty Acid Levels
T - 5-12. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Triglyceride Levels
T - 5-13. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Cholesterol Levels
T - 5-14. Conditions Associated with Altered Levels of Lipoprotein Fractions
T - 5-15. Clinicopathological Significance of Lipoprotein Phenotypes
T - 5-16. Causes of Elevations in Indirect and Direct Bilirubin Levels
T - 5-17. Conditions Affecting Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase Levels
T - 5-18. Conditions Associated with Elevated Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Levels
T - 5-19. Causes of Elevated Serum Amylase
T - 5-2. Causes of Altered Blood Glucose Levels
T - 5-20. Causes of Elevated Creatine Phosphokinase
T - 5-22. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Sodium and Extracellular Fluid Levels
T - 5-23. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Potassium Levels
T - 5-24. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Chloride Levels
T - 5-25. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Bicarbonate Levels
T - 5-26. Blood Gases in Acid-Base Imbalance
T - 5-27. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Calcium Levels
T - 5-28. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Phosphorus/Phosphate
T - 5-29. Disorders and Drugs Associated with Altered Serum Magnesium Levels
T - 5-3. Causes of Altered Total Serum Proteins
T - 5-30. Blood Levels of Drugs
T - 5-31. Toxic Doses and Effects of Industrial and Household Toxins
T - 5-4. Causes of Hypoalbuminemia
T - 5-5. Causes of Altered Serum Globulin Levels
T - 5-6. Causes of Altered Levels of Ceruloplasmin
T - 5-7. Causes of Altered Urea Levels
T - 5-8. Causes of Altered Blood Ammonia Levels
T - 5-9. Causes of Altered Uric Acid Levels
Vitamins and Trace Minerals
Vitamins and Trace Minerals - Trace Minerals
Vitamins and Trace Minerals - Vitamin A
Vitamins and Trace Minerals - Vitamin C
Vitamins and Trace Minerals - Vitamin D
6. Studies of Urine
6. Studies of Urine
Cytologic Examination of Urine
Drug Screening Tests of Urine
F - 6-1. Hemoglobin degradation
F - 6-2. Pathway of heme formation
Introduction
Measurement of other Substances
Measurement of other Substances - Electrolytes
Measurement of other Substances - Enzymes
Measurement of other Substances - Hormones and Their Metabolites
Measurement of other Substances - Pigments
Measurement of other Substances - Proteins and Their Metabolites
Measurement of other Substances - Vitamins and Minerals
Microbiologic Examination of Urine
References
Routine Urinalysis
Routine Urinalysis - Macroscopic Analysis
Routine Urinalysis - Microscopic Analysis
T - 6-1. Factors Affecting the Color of Urine
T - 6-2. Disorders and Drugs that may Result in Glycosuria
T - 6-3. Drugs that may Produce False-Positive Glycosuria Results
T - 6-4. Urine Bilirubin and Urobilinogen in Jaundice
T - 6-5. Summary of Urine Casts
T - 6-6. Major Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Urinary Crystals
T - 6-7. Laboratory Correlations in Renal Diseases
Tests of Renal Function
Tests of Renal Function - Clearance Tests and Creatinine Clearance
Tests of Renal Function - Concentration Tests and Dilution Tests
Tests of Renal Function - Tubular Function Tests and Phenolsulfonphthalein Test
7. Sputum Analysis
7. Sputum Analysis
Introduction
References
Sputum Tests
Sputum Tests - Acid-Fast Bacillus Smear and Culture
Sputum Tests - Culture and Sensitivity
Sputum Tests - Cytologic Examination
Sputum Tests - Gram Stain and Other Stains
8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests - Cytologic Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests - Microbiologic Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests - Routine Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests - Serologic Tests for Neurosyphilis
Introduction
References
9. Analysis of Effusions
9. Analysis of Effusions
Introduction
References
T - 9-1. Differentiation of Pleural Transudates From Exudates
T - 9-2. White Blood Cells and Inclusions Seen in Synovial Fluid
T - 9-3. Synovial Fluid Crystals
Tests of Effusions
Tests of Effusions - Pericardial Fluid Analysis
Tests of Effusions - Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
Tests of Effusions - Pleural Fluid Analysis
Tests of Effusions - Synovial Fluid Analysis
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